The Journey From Ireland to Minnesota — Mary Butler

B. 1807 in (probably) County Wexford, Ireland¹
M. 27 Aug 1828, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland²
Husband: Martin Furlong
D. 29 Sep 1898, Kilkenny, Minnesota³

When the Catholics in Ireland were hit by the potato blight of the 1840s, each family had to decide how best to survive. Do they remain in the country of their birth? Or do they pick up and move to a new land far from home? For Mary Butler’s family, they made the decision to start over in the United States, in a place called Minnesota.

Mary was born in 1807, probably in County Wexford, Ireland, to M____ Butler and Annie Murphy.¹ Nothing is known of her childhood, although she seems to have attended school enough to learn to read and write.⁴ On August 27, 1828, she married Martin Furlong, a widower from Rathanagan.² Along with becoming mother to at least two of the children from his first marriage, she bore him nine daughters and one son between about 1827 and 1848. It’s believed that two of the daughters died young.

Rathanagan parish register showing marriage of Martin and Mary Furlong.

When the potato crop failed four years in a row starting in 1845, the Catholics in Ireland were hit hard. With no money and little charity, there wasn’t enough to eat in most households. For Mary and her husband Martin, there were a lot of mouths to feed during that time, so the famine likely had a terrible impact on them. People started leaving Ireland in large numbers starting in about 1846, but the Furlongs held out for a few more years, perhaps because they needed to scrape up enough passage for their large family. In late 1851, they were ready to embark, taking a boat over to England so they could ship out from Liverpool.⁵

The vessel that took Mary and her family to America was the Essex,⁵ one of the many ships configured for poor emigrant families. The Furlongs boarded on about October 9th;⁵ there were 350 steerage passengers on the ship, and an overwhelming amount of them were Irish.⁶ One Englishman who was onboard with his family later wrote about his experience during the voyage. He described that his wife gave birth to a child who didn’t survive, and that “the only means of burial [was] for the body to be stitched up in a sheet and slid down a board into the water.”⁶ Poor Mary also lost a child on the trip — her only son John, age 12⁵ — so we can imagine she faced a similar burial at sea for the boy.

Instead of sailing to New York, the Essex went to New Orleans, arriving after nine weeks at sea on December 13th.⁵ Mary, Martin, and the surviving children (all girls) were in a weakened condition, but their trip was far from over. Now they had to get to their final destination far up the Mississippi River, and this was done via steamboat. They may have transferred to a steamboat right after landing in New Orleans, but it’s also possible they faced a layover of up to a month. The lines that ran up and down the Mississippi were doing a booming business with all of the people escaping Europe, and only recently had they been going all the way to Minnesota.⁷

New Orleans as it looked when Mary arrived there.

Mary and her family settled in West St. Paul,⁸ a new community on a bend in the Mississippi River. They were among the first people of European heritage to be living there; largely the settlers were German, Irish and French-Canadian immigrants. Like many people desperately leaving a bad circumstance, Mary found herself having to adapt in a land that was unfamiliar The soil was said to be so rocky, that it was impossible to dig a well, and they had to bring water from a long distance away.⁹ One of Mary’s daughters was noted to have been the first death in West St. Paul during 1854,¹⁰ although the source doesn’t state which one it was. Likely it was 20-year-old Mary since she was on the passenger list of the Essex and disappeared from records after that.

The Furlong family would spend the next 25 years in West St. Paul; their farm was shown to be worth $2,000 in 1870.¹¹ As St. Paul to the north encroached upon their community, the area where the Furlongs lived was annexed into the city in 1874. So in 1878, Mary and Martin moved to the town of Rosemount where they continued to have a farm.¹² The couple lived long enough to celebrate their 60th wedding anniversary, but Martin passed away on July 28, 1889.¹³ After his death, Mary moved in with her daughter Catherine Furlong in Le Sueur County, where she died on September 29, 1898.³ She is buried in St. Michael’s Cemetery in Kilkenny, Minnesota.

Children:
1. Margaret Furlong – B. before 26 May 1829, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland;¹⁴ D. 24 Nov 1889, Dakota County, Minnesota¹²

2. Eliza Furlong – B. 18 Sep 1830, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland;¹⁵ D. 3 Feb 1912, Maple Lake, Minnesota;¹⁶ M. Francis Labree (1828-1909), 23 Jan 1854, St. Paul, Minnesota¹⁷

3. Frances Furlong – B. before 30 Aug 1832, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland;¹⁸ D. (probably) young¹⁹

4. Mary Furlong – B. before 21 Sep 1834, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland²⁰

5. Ellen Furlong – B. before 14 Jul 1836, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland;²¹ D. 24 Apr 1921, St. Paul, Minnesota;²² M. Michael Kennedy (~1830-1895)²²

6. John Furlong – B. about 18398, (probably) County Wexford, Ireland;⁵ D. before 13 Dec 1851, at sea²³

7. Catherine Furlong – B. 26 Jul 1841, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland;²⁴ D. 21 Jun 1923, Le Sueur County, Minnesota;²⁵ M. Thomas Furlong (1828-1908), 21 Jan 1869, St. Paul, Minnesota²⁶

8. Alice Furlong – B. before 19 Dec 1843, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland;²⁷ D. (probably) young²⁸

9. Bridget Furlong – B. about 1848, Ireland;⁵ M. William Maher, 2 Jan 1873, Ramsey County, Minnesota²⁹

10. Jennie Furlong – B. 10 Jan 1849, County Wexford, Ireland;³⁰ D. 30 May 1935, Kilkenny, Minnesota³¹

Sources:
1    Find-a-Grave listing of Mary Furlong  
2    Marriage record of Martin Furlong and Mary Butler, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland
3    Death record of Mary (Butler) Furlong, Minnesota County Deaths, 1850-2001, FamilySearch.org
4    1880 U.S. Census, Rosemount, Minnesota
5    Passenger list of ship Essex, Liverpool to New Orleans, December 1851
6    “Review of an Active Life,” Juvenile Instructor, 17:4, George Goddard, 15 Feb 1882
7    The History of the City of Saint Paul, and the County of Ramsey, Minnesota, J. Fletcher Williams, 1876
8    1857 Minnesota Territorial Census, West St. Paul, FamilySearch.org
9    Letter from Hazel Swenson to Laura Mitchell, 28 Sep 1977
10  History of Dakota County and the City of Hastings, Rev. Edward D. Neill and Fletcher Williams, 1881
11  1870 U.S. Census, West St. Paul, Minnesota
12  Margaret Furlong obituary, Hastings Gazette, 30 Nov 1889
13  Find-a-Grave listing of Martin Furlong  
14  Baptismal record of Margaret Furlong, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland
15  Baptismal record of Eliza Furlong, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland
16  Death record of Eliza (Furlong) Labree, Minnesota Deaths, 1887-2001, FamilySearch.org
17  Marriage record of Francis Labree and Eliza Furlong, Minnesota County Marriages, 1849-1950, FamilySearch.org
18  Baptismal record of Frances Furlong, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland
19  There are no further records of Frances Furlong
20  Baptismal record of Mary Furlong, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland
21  Baptismal record of Ellen Furlong, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland
22  Death record of Ellen (Furlong) Kennedy, M.D.
23  John Furlong was listed on the passenger list of the Essex, and there is no further mention of him
24  Baptismal record of Catherine Furlong, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland
25  Death record of Catherine (Furlong) Furlong, M.D.
26  Marriage record of Thomas Furlong and Catherine Furlong, M.C.M.
27  Baptismal record of Alice Furlong, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland
28  There are no further records of Alice Furlong
29  Marriage record of William Maher and Bridget Furlong, M.C.M.
30  Baptismal record of Alice Furlong, Rathangan Parish, County Wexford, Ireland
31  Death certificate of Jennie Furlong, 31 May 1935, Kilkenny, Minnesota

One of the First French in Indiana — Jean-Baptiste Richard

B. 19 Mar 1681 in Pointe-aux-Trembles, New France¹
M. 15 Aug 1718 in Montreal, New France²
Wife: Marie-Anne You
D. after 10 Dec 1731 in (probably) Illinois Country³

During the late 17th- and early 18th-century, French fur traders penetrated deep into what is now the American Midwest, setting up outposts along major rivers. The first one established in present-day Indiana was built by a handful of men, including Jean-Baptiste Richard.

Some of the details about Jean-Baptiste’s life are sketchy, but it is known that he was born March 18, 1681 in Pointe-aux-Trembles, New France to Guillaume Richard and Agnes Tessier¹, one of at least eight children. Guillaume was a fur trader and soldier, who was unfortunately killed by Iroquois when Jean-Baptiste was a boy.⁴

Jean-Baptiste grew up surrounded by those in the fur trade, and it was natural that he get involved in it. Fur trading meant dealing with natives of various tribes, and Jean-Baptiste picked up on the languages, becoming well-known as an interpreter.⁵ He also learned the skill of being a blacksmith.⁵ Both of these things would make him valuable on the frontier.

The earliest record of Jean-Baptiste living out west was when he was allotted land at Fort Detroit on March 10, 1707; he paid 40 sols in rent, plus “10 livres for other rights,”⁶ likely the permission to trade with Indians. It was said that Jean-Baptiste was seriously injured the following year, and needed to leave the fort,⁶ presumably to go back to Montreal. This would have been a rugged trip by canoe of over 500 miles.

By 1710, Jean-Baptiste must have returned to Fort Detroit because he was mentioned in the baptism of a Native American slave that he owned.⁶ This is a curious record because there's suggestion that the slave, a 15-year-old girl, may have later become his wife. But the first name is different—Marie-Jeanne—so the evidence isn't conclusive. It's important to note that slaves in French fur trading outposts were often paid for their work, and they usually lived in the house along with their owners. Many were freed when they came of age.

In 1717, Jean-Baptiste was asked to join a company of men on a venture to establish a new trading post. A cluster of Indian villages on the Wabash River became a prime location for dealing in furs, and the tribal leaders wanted the French to set up a fort for everyone's protection. They asked the French to provide “an officer to govern them, a missionary to instruct them, and a blacksmith.”⁷ That’s how Jean-Baptiste became one of the eight men chosen to build Fort Ouiatenon, the first permanent post in Indiana. The eight men constructed a stockade within a fort that would one day contain “a double row of ten houses, a chapel, a blacksmith shop, and trading areas.”⁷

Modern replica of Fort Ouiatenon blockhouse. (Source: Hammer51012, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons)

If the slave on the 1710 baptism was a different person than the woman he married, it's likely that Jean-Baptiste met his wife, Marie-Anne You, at Fort Ouiatenon. She was the daughter of a French fur trader and a woman from the Miami tribe,⁸ and had lived near the fort among her mother’s people. Jean-Baptiste and Marie-Anne traveled to Montreal where they got married on August 15, 1718.² They already had a daughter at the time of their marriage, and she was baptized the same day.⁹ The couple made their home there for the next few years, with Marie-Anne giving birth to two more children.

Two things would bring about Jean-Baptiste moving back to Fort Ouiatenon. One was that the continuing need for interpreters meant Jean-Baptiste’s skills were needed. The other was that Marie-Anne wanted to return there because she was “continually ill” living in Montreal, and she thought that moving back would make her healthy again.¹⁰

Jean-Baptiste received permission to bring Marie-Anne and their children to Fort Ouiatenon, and in 1722, they set out in a canoe with three voyageurs to help paddle it.¹⁰ The canoe was filled with supplies to set up their household, plus goods for trading with the natives: clothes, 100 lb. of flour, 300 lb. of biscuit, 2 pots of brandy, 15 pots of wine, 2 pots of strawberry brandy, 100 lb. of gunpowder, 100 lb. of lead, some woolen cloth, some knives, and 2 lb. of vermillion. It was written in the contract that Jean-Baptiste was forbidden to trade any of the liquor or ammunition with the natives at Fort Detroit, which they traveled through on the way to Fort Ouiatenon.

Permission granted to Jean-Baptiste to take his family to Fort Ouiatenon in 1722.

There was one more child of Jean-Baptiste and Marie-Anne who was likely born at Fort Ouiatenon.¹¹ At some point, though, the family seems to have returned to Montreal because a record dated June 15, 1731 granted Jean-Baptiste permission to once again travel from Montreal to Ouiatenon, this time with one canoe and four voyageurs.¹² Two more records that year identified him as a plaintiff in a case involving a tailor and a merchant, both living in Montreal.^3,13 The records only referred to a previous ruling, and didn’t describe what was at issue between the men. The second record dated December 10, 1731 was the final mention of Jean-Baptiste on any known document.³

Jean-Baptiste had a close relationship with the man in charge of Fort Ouiatenon, François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes. In about 1732, François Bissot started another trading post further down the Wabash, which would become Fort Vincennes.¹⁴ It’s possible that Jean-Baptiste was involved with setting up Fort Vincennes, because years later, his wife and all three of his daughters lived there. Unfortunately, François Bissot was killed during the Chickasaw Wars in 1736, being captured and burned to death with a group of French men in present-day Mississippi.¹⁴ Given Jean-Baptiste's association with Bissot, he may have been conscripted to fight in the Chickasaw Wars and also died there.

Fort Ouiatenon thrived for much of the 18th century, but when fur trading was no longer profitable, it fell into decline. The fort was destroyed by order of President Washington in 1791,⁷ and today the site is obliterated, but a replica stands nearby. Since 1968, the Tippecanoe County Historical Association holds a celebration there each October called The Feast of the Hunter’s Moon, which recreates what it was like during the 18th century. The event even features a blacksmith, a representation of the first to hold that role: Jean-Baptiste Richard.

Children:
1. Marie-Suzanne Richard – B. 12 Jan 1717, Montreal, New France;⁹ D. 13 Jan 1800, River Raisin, Northwest Territory;¹⁵ M. Gilbert Parent (1703-1750), 1733, Montreal, New France¹⁶

2. Agnes Richard — B. 7 May 1719, Pointe-aux-Trembles, New France;¹⁷ D. before Jul 1778, (probably) Post Vincennes, Illinois Territory;¹⁸ M. (1) François Godere (~1700-?), about 1735;¹⁹ (2) Jean-Baptiste Vaudry (1726-?), 28 Aug 1756, Post Vincennes, New France²⁰

3. Jean Richard — B. 20 Nov 1721, Pointe-aux-Trembles, New France;²¹ D. 28 Jun 1807, Napanee, Ontario;²² M. Elsa Alida Connor (~1725-1816), about 1762, Fort Hunter, New York²²

4. (possibly) Marie-Josephe Richard — B. after 1721, (probably) Fort Ouiatenon, New France;²³ M. Joseph Antaya dit Pelletier¹¹

Sources:
1    Baptismal record of Jean-Baptiste Richard, Quebec Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, FamilySearch.org
2    Marriage record of Jean-Baptiste Richard and Marie-Anne You, Q.C.P.R.
3    Court record involving Jean-Baptiste Richard dated 10 Dec 1731, BAnQ 
4    Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Guillaume Richard 
5    Permission granted at Montreal for Jean-Baptiste Richard to take canoe to Ouiatenon, 3 Sep 1722, BAnQ  
6    Cadillac’s Village or Detroit Under Cadillac, Clarence Monroe Burton, 1896
7    Fort Ouiatenon and Feast of the Hunters’ Moon School Guide, Tippecanoe Historical Association
8    “Detroit River métis Families — Part 16 — Tiverage to You Families,” Diane Wolford Sheppard, Michigan's Habitant Heritage, 2015
9    Baptismal record of Marie-Suzanne Richard, Q.C.P.R.
10  Ouiatanon Documents, translated and edited by Frances Krauskopf, 1955
11  Marie-Josephe Richard turns up as mother of a bride in 1763 Vincennes, but it’s uncertain if she was the daughter of Jean-Baptiste, marriage record of Pierre Querre and Marie-Josephe Antara, Indiana Marriages, 1780-1992, FamilySearch.org
12  Permission granted at Montreal for Jean-Baptiste Richard to take canoe to Ouiatenon, 27 Jun 1731, BAnQ  
13  Judgment on behalf of Jean-Baptiste Richard against Jean Poupart dit Lafleur, 28 Sep 1731, BAnQ 
14  François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes (Wikpedia article)
15  Find-a-Grave listing of Marie Suzanne (Richard) Parent https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/107240402/marie-suzanne-parent
16  Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Marie-Susanne Richard 
17  Baptismal record of Agnes Richard dit Lafleur, Q.C.P.R.
18  Agnes’ estimated death is based on marriage record of her daughter Ursule Gaudry, “Records of the Parish of St. Francis Xavier,” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 12, 1901
19  Estimated date of Agnes’ marriage to François Godere based on age at death of their oldest child Pierre, Indiana Deaths and Burials, 1750-1993, FamilySarch.org
20  Marriage record of Jean-Baptiste Vaudry and Agnes Richard, “Records of the Parish of St. Francis Xavier”
21  Baptismal record of Jean Richard, Q.C.P.R.
22  Find-a-Grave listing of Jean “John” Richard  
23  Estimated date of Marie-Josephe Richard’s birth based on that Jean-Baptiste Richard’s children were accounted for before the family moved to Ouiatenon, and so she was likely born later (if she was really his daughter)

Local Politics In Early America — Stephen Peirce

B. 10 Apr 1679 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts¹
M. 5 Feb 1707 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts²
Wife: Esther Fletcher
D. 9 Sep 1749 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts³

Self-government was a part of every colonial New England town. This was a unique system created by the Puritans who first settled in Massachusetts during the 1630s. Rather than being ruled from an authority across the Atlantic, or even micro-managed by leaders in Boston, each town made its own decisions on local issues. This dynamic was central to the story of Stephen Peirce, who did more than his share of civic duty.

Stephen was born in Chelmsford, Massachusetts on April 10, 1679 to Stephen Peirce and Tabitha Parker, one of five children.¹ The name Peirce was also sometimes spelled Pierce, but Stephen signed his name with the “e” first. On February 5, 1707, Stephen married Esther Fletcher,² whose family were original Chelmsford settlers. Stephen and Esther raised a family of ten children, all of whom survived to adulthood. 

In colonial New England, importance was placed on performing service for the community, and Stephen held many offices in Chelmsford. He was selectman (town councilman) during 1716-1720, 1724 and 1728;⁴ he was also moderator of the annual town meeting from 1719 to 1721,⁴ and deacon from 1741 to 1749.⁴ And he was chosen as Chelmsford’s representative to the General Court in Boston during the years 1713-1717, 1720-1721, 1723, and 1725.⁴

Stephen's signature.

It was said that some opposed Stephen’s selection for the General Court in 1723, but that he “weathered the attack.”⁴ This points to the fact that even though civic service was expected, there were also personality issues that played into what each man was chosen to do. Stephen likely aspired to a leadership role, and perhaps lobbied for some of his positions. This was the sort of politics that would one day be a main feature of local government in the United States.

Stephen’s last selection as representative in 1725 was even more problematic than the one in 1723. When he was a boy, his father was one of 50 men who acquired land from an Indian reservation. This was known as the Wamesit Purchase; the land was never formally part of any town, although for years, the residents considered themselves part of Chelmsford. When Stephen was chosen as representative in 1725, the General Court denied him a seat because his home wasn’t technically in Chelmsford.⁴ It suggests that Stephen had political opposition who wanted him out. The people in Stephen's community reacted to the action by saying they would stop paying their taxes.⁴ The controversy ended the following year when the General Court approved annexing the Wamesit land to Chelmsford.⁴

Stephen’s house and property continued on in his family for several generations. He deeded land to at least three of his sons as they came of age, and they built houses near his. The houses are long gone, but the location was near the intersection of Forrest and Chelmsford Streets in the present day town of Lowell.⁴

Stephen died on September 9, 1749.³ His wife Esther survived him by many years, passing away on September 20, 1767.⁵ Both were buried in Forefathers Burial Ground in Chelmsford. Stephen’s legacy of public leadership was carried on in his descendants. He was the grandfather of Benjamin Pierce, who was governor of New Hampshire between 1827 and 1830, and the great-grandfather of President Franklin Pierce.⁴

Stephen's grandson Governor Benjamin Pierce and great-grandson President Franklin Pierce.

Children:
1. Robert Peirce – B. 19 Jan 1708, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;⁶ D. 1 Apr 1789, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;⁷ M. Mary Landlee (1709-1761), 13 Jun 1731, Chelmsford, Massachusetts⁸

2. Oliver Peirce — B. 15 May 1709, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;⁹ D. 25 Nov 1784, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;¹⁰ M. (1) Ann Hunt, 21 Mar 1734, Billerica, Massachusetts;¹¹ (2) Hannah Adams, 14 Jul 1741, Chelmsford, Massachusetts¹²

3. Esther Peirce — B. 24 Apr 1711, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;¹³ D, 2 Sep 1803, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;¹⁴ M. Nathan Richardson, 15 Dec 1733, Chelmsford, Massachusetts¹⁵

4. William Peirce – B. 7 May 1713, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;¹⁶ D. 16 May 1754, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;¹⁷ M. Sarah Richardson (1719-1763), 7 Oct 1739, Chelmsford, Massachusetts¹⁸

5. Stephen Peirce – B. 10 Apr 1715, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;¹⁹ D. 8 Dec 1798, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;²⁰ M. Betsy Bowers (1722-?), 26 Feb 1745, Chelmsford, Massachusetts²¹

6. Tabitha Peirce — B. 28 Feb 1716, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;²² D. 27 Mar 1793, Massachusetts;²³ M. William French (1713-1793), 22 Apr 1736, Billerica, Massachusetts²⁴

7. Remembrance Peirce — B. 11 Feb 1719, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;²⁵ M. William Powers (1717-?),14 Nov 1739, Chelmsford, Massachusetts²⁶

8. Sarah Peirce — B. 10 Jan 1720, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;²⁷ D. 19 Jan 1745, Chelmsford, Massachusetts²⁸

9. Mary Peirce — B. 14 Jan 1722, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;²⁹ D. 5 Nov 1807, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;³⁰ M. Joseph Pierce (1721-1796), 20 Mar 1744, Chelmsford, Massachusetts³¹

10. Benjamin Peirce — B. 26 Nov 1726, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;³² D. 16 Jun 1764, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;³³ M. Elizabeth Merrill (1728-~1809), 2 Aug 1746, Chelmsford, Massachusetts³⁴

Sources:
1    Find-a-Grave listing of Deacon Stephen Peirce
2    Marriage record of Stephen Peirce and Esther Fletcher, Massachusetts Town Clerk, Vital and Town Records, 1626-2001, FamilySearch.org
3    Death record of Stephen Peirce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
4    History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Wilson Waters, 1917
5    Find-a-Grave listing of Esther (Fletcher) Peirce 
6    Birth record of Robert Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
7    Death record of Robert Pierce, Chelmsford Vital Records to 1850, xxxxx
8    Marriage record of Robert Pierce and Mary Landlee, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
9    Birth record of Oliver Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
10  Death record of Oliver Pierce, Chelmsford Vital Records to 1850, xxxxxx
11  Marriage record of Oliver Pierce and Ann Hunt, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
12  Marriage record of Oliver Pierce and Hannah Adams, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
13  Birth record of Esther Pierce, Massachusetts, U.S., Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, Ancestry.com
14  Death record of Esther Richardson, U.S., T. & V.R.
15  Marriage record of Nathan Richardson and Esther Pearce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
16  Birth record of William Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
17  Death record of William Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
18  Marriage record of William Pierce and Sarah Richardson, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
19  Birth record of Stephen Pierce (younger), M.T.C., V. & T.R.
20  Find-a-Grave listing of William Pierce  
21  Marriage record of William Pierce and Betty Bowers, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
22  Birth record of Tabitha Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
23  Death record of Tabitha French, Massachusetts Deaths and Burials, FamilySearch.org
24  Marriage record of William French and Tabitha Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
25  Birth record of Remembrance Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
26  Marriage record of William Powers and Remembrance Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
27  Birth record of Sarah Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
28  Death record of Sarah Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
29  Birth record of Mary Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
30  Find-a-Grave listing of Mary (Peirce) Peirce  
31  WikiTree listing of Mary Pierce  
32  Birth record of Benjamin Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
33  Death record of Benjamin Pierce, M.T.C., V. & T.R.
34  Marriage record of Benjamin Pierce and Elizabeth Merrill, M.T.C., V. & T.R.

Excommunicated for Scandalous Evils — Henry Glover

B. about 1616 in England¹
M. about 1640¹
Wife: Elinor Russell
D. 2 Sep 1689 in New Haven, Connecticut²

Henry Glover is an example of a Puritan in New England who didn’t always fall in line with the community. He was born in England in about 1616, but the details of his origins are not known.¹ (There was a Henry Glover who migrated to Massachusetts in 1634, but most researchers feel this was another man of the same name.)

Henry first turned up in records living in the New Haven Colony in June 1641 when his oldest daughter, Mary, was baptized.³ His wife was Elinor Russell, who is also of unknown origins; she had a brother William who also lived in New Haven.³ (Elinor was sometimes named in the records as Elin, Ellen, or Helena.) Henry and Elinor were known to have six daughters and one son; five of the children appear to have lived to adulthood.

Some of the earliest records of Henry show him being fined for minor offenses. On January 4, 1643, he was made to pay one shilling for having a defective cocking handle on his gun.⁴ And sometime later, he was fined for having too many hogs and for “disorderly cutting of wood.”⁴

It seems that early on, Henry was at odds with the religious community. New Haven town records show that in 1644, he had been excommunicated for “scandalous evils” and he was asking to be readmitted to the church.⁵ There’s no further description of what he had actually done to have this action taken against him. On the morning of August 11th, Henry had to stand outside the meetinghouse during church services, then after the congregation had left, he was allowed to come inside to plead his case to the elders. He admitted to breaking rules multiple times, but suggested he had been tempted by Satan, and that he wanted to rejoin the church. When the elders told him he would have to wait a week for a ruling, Henry got agitated, and he “let some words fall which had the appearance of discontent."⁵ But he soon apologized, and one week later, he was “absolved and set free from the sentence of excommunication,” and his membership in the church was restored.⁵

Meetinghouse similar to where Henry was excommunicated.

After that, Henry seems to have recovered his standing in the community. In 1665, he was made constable, in 1665 and 1666 he was elected town treasurer, and in 1669 he was appointed to be fence viewer.⁶ Henry was involved in several land transactions during that time, and in September 1668, he was granted permission to cut trees in the town commons for building a boat.⁶

On March 5, 1666, Henry was sued by a woman named Joanna Allerton (widow of a Mayflower passenger) who had a dispute about some land.⁶ The court ruled in her favor, and Mrs. Allerton was awarded the three acres in dispute, plus Henry had to pay the court costs.

Another ruling involving Henry happened February 13, 1670 when the town needed to make a decision about building a road on some of his property.⁶ The road was planned to run across the land of three different property owners, and they could keep ownership if they would maintain the road. Only Henry wasn’t willing to do that, so they confiscated the part of his land they needed for the road. This issue came up again in 1682 when it was found that Henry had a building that extended about 18 inches into the road. After the town council debated it, they voted to let him keep the building.⁶

Henry died in New Haven on September 2, 1689.² His estate was worth £285; he bequeathed land and cows to his daughters and granddaughters.⁷ Elinor survived him and she passed away on March 1, 1698.³

Henry was the ancestor of both Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He was also the ancestor of J.P. Morgan, Ernest Hemingway and Clint Eastwood.⁸

Two of Henry's descendants: Winston Churchill and FDR.

Children:
1. Mary Glover — B. before 12 Jun 1641, New Haven, Connecticut⁹

2. Mercy Glover — B. before 16 Aug 1643, New Haven, Connecticut;¹⁰ M. Moses Manfield (~1640-1703), 5 May 1664, New Haven, Connecticut¹¹

3. Hannah Glover — B. 23 May 1646, New Haven, Connecticut;¹² D. 7 Jun 1727, Westfield, Massachusetts;¹² M. David Ashley (1642-1718), 24 Nov 1663, New Haven, Connecticut¹³

4. John Glover — B. before 8 Oct 1648, New Haven, Connecticut;¹⁴ D. 29 Jan 1680, New Haven, Connecticut;¹⁵ M. Joanna Daniel (1652-1702), 7 Dec 1671, New Haven, Connecticut¹⁶

5. Abigail Glover — B. 29 Apr 1651, New Haven, Connecticut;¹⁷ D. 20 Aug 1651, New Haven, Connecticut¹⁸

6. Abigail Glover — B. 31 Jul 1652, New Haven, Connecticut;¹⁹ M. Daniel Burr (1642-1695), 11 Dec 1678, New Haven, Connecticut²⁰

7. Sarah Glover — B. 3 Dec 1655, New Haven, Connecticut;²¹ D. 22 Nov 1730, East Haven, Connecticut;²² M. John Ball (1649-~1731), 11 Dec 1678, New Haven, Connecticut²³

Sources:
1    The estimated birth and marriage years are rough guesses based on age of his oldest child
2    Death record of Henry Glover, Connecticut Deaths and Burials, FamilySearch.org
3    Families of Ancient New Haven, Donald Lines Jacobus, 1974
4    Janet and Robert Wolfe Genealogy: Notes for Henry Glover and Helena (website) 
5    Thirteen Historical Discourses, on the Completion of Two Hundred Years: From the Beginning of the First Church in New Haven, Leonard Bacon, 1839
6    New Haven Town Records, 1649-1684, Volume 2, 1919
7    Probate record of Henry Glover, New Haven Probate Records, 1647-1703, FamilySearch.org
8    Famous Kin listing of Henry Glover 
9    Baptismal record of Mary Glover, First Church of New Haven Records, FamilySearch.org
10  Baptismal record of Mercy Glover, F.C. OF N.H.R.
11  Marriage record of Moses Mansfield and Mercy Glover, Connecticut Marriages, 1630-1997, FamilySearch.org
12  Find-a-Grave listing of Hannah (Glover) Ashley
13  Marriage record of David Ashley and Hannah Glover, Massachusetts Town Clerk, Vital and Town Records, FamilySearch.org
14  Baptismal record of John Glover, F.C. OF N.H.R.
15  Death record of John Glover, C.D. & B.
16  Marriage record of John Glover and Joanna Daniel, C.M.
17  Birth record of Abigail Glover (older), Connecticut Births and Christenings, 1649-1906, FamilySearch.org
18  Death record of Abigail Glover (older), C.D. & B.
19  Birth record of Abigail Glover (younger), C.B. & C.
20  Marriage record of Daniel Burr and Abigail Glover, C.M.
21  Birth record of Sarah Glover, C.B. & C.
22  Death record of Sarah Ball, C.D. & B.
23  Marriage record of John Ball and Sarah Glover, C.M.

Puritan Minister in Elizabethan Times — Edward Bulkeley

B. about 1540 in Woore, Shropshire, England¹
M. about 1566 in England¹
Wife: Olive Irby
D. Jan 1621 in Odell, Bedfordshire, England¹

If Edward Bulkeley had lived a generation later, he might have been one of the colonists of New England, but instead he was a Puritan preacher in England. He was born in about 1540 to Thomas Bulkeley and Elizabeth Grosvenor in the village of Woore in Shropshire, England,¹ and he was one of five children. His parents both had pedigrees that can be traced back hundreds of years and his father was a direct descendant of King Henry II.¹ Thomas Bulkeley was the steward of Drayton Manor and a man who owned a substantial amount of property.¹

Edward entered St. John’s College at Cambridge at about age 15 and studied theology.¹ He earned a bachelor of arts degree in 1560, a master of arts degree in 1663, and a bachelor of divinity degree in 1569.¹ He went on to receive a doctor of divinity degree in 1578.¹

Edward got married in about 1566 to Olive Irby, who was from Lincolnshire.¹ They had 11 children together between about 1567 and 1583 — 8 girls and 3 boys. In 1571, Edward became rector of All Saints Church in the town of Odell,¹ which was not far from Cambridge, and he settled there with his family. During the period 1578 to 1582, Edward was the vicar of St. Mary’s Church in Shrewsbury, but for the rest of his career as a minister he preached at the church in Odell.¹

 

All Saints Church in Odell, England.

During the years Edward was a minister, the Church of England was splintering into various interpretations of religion. After the reign of “Bloody Mary” ended in 1558 and Elizabeth I took the throne, theologians had different views as to how much their religion should deviate from Catholicism. Edward was said to be a “moderate Puritan,”¹ meaning that he believed in reforming the Church of England from within, not separate from it. Moderate Puritans wanted to have less emphasis on ceremony and focus more on preaching. They also wanted to make the practice of religion more democratic rather than being run by higher authorities. But they didn’t want to split off and form their own church.

Edward stepped down from his post as rector of All Saints Church in Odell in 1609, which was then taken over by his son Peter, who had followed in his footsteps and become a minister.¹ Edward continued as a theologian, and in 1610, edited an edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs,² a book that was first published in 1563 which told of the persecution of Protestants by Catholics.

Title page of the Book of Martyrs, 1610 edition, 

Edward’s wife Olive passed away on March 10, 1615. Edward lived another six years, dying in January of 1621,¹ and was buried in the All Saints Churchyard in Odell. His son Peter continued on as the rector in Odell, then migrated to Massachusetts in 1635, founding the church at Concord.¹ Edward’s daughters Elizabeth and Martha migrated to Massachusetts in 1633, and some of Edward’s grandchildren through other daughters migrated there as well¹.

Edward Bulkeley was the direct ancestor of John Hancock, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Norman Rockwell, Calvin Coolidge, Katharine Hepburn, Alan Shepard, Dick Clark, George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush, Jeb Bush, Sarah Palin, John Kerry, Bette Davis, Matt Damon, Harry Chapin, Kyra Sedgwick, Anna Gunn, Linda Hamilton and Edward Norton.²

Children:
1. Mary Bulkeley — B. about 1567, England¹

2. Frances Bulkeley – B. about 1568, Moulton, Lincolnshire, England;¹ D. before 7 Jun 1610, Moulton, Lincolnshire, England;⁴ M. Richard Welby, 4 Jun 1595, Whaplode, Lincolnshire, England⁵

3. Judith Bulkeley – B. 1570, England¹

4. Martha Bulkeley — B. 1572, Odell, Bedfordshire, England;¹ D. about 1639, Charlestown, Massachusetts;¹ M. Abraham Mellowes (1570-1639), about 1595, Odell, Bedfordshire, England¹

5. Nathaniel Bulkeley — B. about 1574, Odell, Bedfordshire, England;¹ D. before 4 Dec 1602, London, England¹

6. Deborah Bulkeley — B. 1575, Odell, Bedfordshire, England¹

7. Dorcas Bulkeley — B. about Aug 1577, Odell, Bedfordshire, England;¹ D. 21 Oct 1616, Fishtoft, Lincolnshire, England;⁶ M. Anthony Ingoldsby (1560-~1627), 10 Dec 1598, Odell, Bedfordshire, England¹

8. Elizabeth Bulkeley — B. about 1579, Odell, Bedfordshire, England;¹ D. 14 Oct 1643, Boston, Massachusetts;¹ M. (1) Richard Whittingham (~1575-~1618);¹ (2) Attherton Haugh (~1593-1650), 9 Jan 1618, Boston, England¹

9. Sarah Bulkeley — B. about 1580, Odell, Bedfordshire, England;¹ D. before 1611, Keysoe, Bedfordshire, England;¹ M. Oliver St. John (~1575-1626), about 1597¹

10. Peter Bulkeley — B. 31 Jan 1583, Odell, Bedfordshire, England;¹ D. 9 Mar 1659, Concord, Massachusetts;¹ M. (1) Jane Allen (`1587-1626), 12 Apr 1613, Goldington, Bedfordshire, England;¹ (2) Grace Chetwood (~1602-1669), England¹

11. Paul Bulkeley — B. before 21 Jan 1584, Odell, Bedfordshire, England;⁷ D. before 19 Oct 1610, Odell, Bedfordshire, England¹

Sources:
1    The Bulkeley Genealogy, Donald Lines Jacobus, 1933
2    Tudor Times: The Book of Acts and Monuments, Chapter 3: Editions after Foxe’s Death (website) 
3    Famous Kin listing of Edward Bulkeley
4    Burial record of Frances (Bulkeley) Welby, Moulton, Lincolnshire, England Records, FamilySearch.org
5    Marriage record of Richard Welby and Francis Bucklye, England, Lincolnshire Parish Registers, 1538-1990. FamilySearch.org
6    Find-a-Grave listing of Dorcas (Bulkeley) Ingoldsby 
7    WikiTree listing of Paul Bulkeley 

Working in a 17th Century Hospital — Jean Carrier

B. before 24 Jan 1638 in St-Georges, Île d'Oléron, Saintonge, France¹
M. 4 Nov 1670 in Notre-Dame de Quebec, Quebec City, New France²
Wife: Barbe Hallé
D. after 20 Apr 1711 in Lauzon, New France³

In the early days of New France, Jean Carrier worked for the nuns who cared for the sick. And because of that, it's how he likely met his future wife.

Jean was born in January 1638 in in St-Georges, Île d'Oléron, Saintonge, France to Jean Carrier and Jeanne Dodier.¹ When he came of age, he seems to have migrated alone to New France, probably arriving sometime in the 1660s. The 1666 census showed that Jean worked in the Hôtel-Dieu (a hospital) in Quebec City;⁴ he wasn’t described as an indentured servant (although he may have started out there as one). The Hôtel-Dieu was run by nuns who looked after the people needing long-term medical care, as well as taking in orphans and the poor. Jean was likely a laborer who did physical work in the facility.

Along with working in a hospital, Jean seems to have become one of the men who started populating the south shore of the St. Lawrence. Lauzon was a peninsula that jutted out towards Quebec City, and it was a place that had available land for those willing to live in what was then a rugged place. A notarial record dated June 22, 1667 listed several inhabitants, and among them was Jean.⁵

Jean on list of Lauzon inhabitants. (Source: BAnQ)

That same year, a young woman named Barbe Hallé entered Hôtel-Dieu. She was said to be “possessed by demons,”⁶ or more likely, she was mentally or emotionally ill. It’s not known if Jean had contact with Barbe while she was being treated, but after she got better, she became a worker in the hospital for a couple of years, which may have been how she became acquainted with him. On July 27, 1670, Jean traveled to the home of Barbe’s parents in Lauzon to arrange for their marriage. He signed a contract that day,⁶ but the actual wedding took place over 3 months later at Notre-Dame in Quebec City.² Barbe was 25-years-old,⁷ which was older than most brides in New France during the 17th century.

After the wedding, Jean settled down with his new bride in Lauzon. Over the next 12 years, they had four children, a small family compared to others in New France. Barbe died in 1696;⁷ it’s not known when Jean died, but it was after the baptism of one of his grandchildren on April 20, 1711.³

The legacy of Jean Carrier is that he produced a large amount of descendants who mostly stayed in Pointe-de-Lévy, Lauzon. The grandson whose baptism he attended, Jean-Baptiste Carrier (1711-1783), went on to play a part in the defense against the British invasion of 1759; he transmitted alarm signals by fires relayed from Rimouski, and helped coordinate the retreat of French settlers to safer ground.⁸ On the 350th anniversary of Jean Carrier’s arrival in Lauzon, a great family reunion took place for three days in August of 2016.⁹ The highlight of the event was the dedication of a monument honoring both Jean and Barbe. The inscription reads: 

Hommage à nos ancêtres
Jean Carrier
(1638-1711)
et
Barbe Hallé
(1645-1696)
tous deux nés en France.
Jean reçut en 1666 cette terre en concession.
En 1670 ils s'unirent pour fonder notre grande famille.

English translation:

Homage to our ancestors
Jean Carrier
(1638-1711)
And
Barbe Hallé
(1645-1696)
both born in France.
In 1666, Jean received this land in concession.
In 1670 they united to found our big family.

Children:
1. Ignace Carrier — B. 5 Sep 1671, Quebec City, New France;¹⁰ D. 3 May 1765, Pointe-de-Lévy, Lauzon, Quebec;¹¹ M. (1) Perinne Grenet (1672-1709), 16 Jun 1693, Pointe-de-Lévy, Lauzon, New France;¹² (2) Catherine-Rosalie Duquet (1688-1753), 2 Jun 1710, Pointe-de-Lévy, Lauzon, New France¹³

2. Marie-Anne Carrier — B. 16 Jan 1674, Quebec City, New France;¹⁴ M. (1) Pierre Turgeon (~1669-1699), 16 Nov 1695, Pointe-de-Lévy, Lauzon, New France;¹⁵ (2) Louis-Théantre Lemieux (1672-1749), 4 May 1700, Pointe-de-Lévy, Lauzon, New France¹⁶

3. Charles Carrier — B. 23 Dec 1678, Pointe-de-Lévy, Lauzon, New France;¹⁷ D. 26 Sep 1740, Pointe-de-Lévy, Lauzon, New France;¹⁸ M. Marie Gesseron (1682-1756), 15 Jun 1699, Pointe-de-Lévy, Lauzon, New France¹⁹

4. Jean Carrier — B. 10 Dec 1682, Pointe-de-Lévy, Lauzon, New France;²⁰ D. 14 Dec 1749, Pointe-de-Lévy, Lauzon, New France;²¹ M. Jeanne Samson (1681-1758), 15 Apr 1705, New France²²

Sources:
1    Généalogie du Québec et d’ Amérique française listing of Jean Carrier 
2    Marriage record of Jean Carrier and Barbe Hallé, Quebec Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, FamilySearch.org
3    Baptismal record of Jean-Baptiste Carrier, Q.C.P.R.
4    Recensement de 1666 en Nouvelle-France
5    Court record dated 22 Jun 1667, BAnQ
6    Our French-Canadian Ancestors, V. 23, pp. 87-93, Gerard Lebel (translated by Thomas J. Laforest), 1990
7    Burial record of Barbe Hallé, Q.C.P.R.
8    Le Journal de Lévis, April 6, 2016
9    Le Journal de Lévis, September 21, 2016
10  Baptismal record of Ignace Carrier, Q.C.P.R.
11  Burial record of Ignace Carrier, Q.C.P.R.
12  Marriage record of Ignace Carrier and Perinne Grenet, Q.C.P.R.
13  Marriage record of Ignace Carrier and Catherine-Rosalie Duquet, Q.C.P.R.
14  Baptismal record of Marie-Anne Carrier, Q.C.P.R.
15  Marriage record of Pierre Turgeon and Marie-Anne Carrier, Q.C.P.R.
16  Marriage record of Louis-Théantre Lemieux and Marie-Anne Carrier, Q.C.P.R.
17  Baptismal record of Charles Carrier, Q.C.P.R.
18  Burial record of Charles Carrier, Q.C.P.R.
19  Marriage record of Charles Carrier and Marie Gesseron, Q.C.P.R.
20  Baptismal record of Jean Carrier (younger), Q.C.P.R.
21  Burial record of Jean Carrier (younger), Q.C.P.R.
22  Marriage record of Jean Carrier and Jeanne Samson, Q.C.P.R.

Route to Vincennes — Jean-Baptiste Renaud dit Deslauriers

B. 1 Oct 1708 in Boucherville, New France¹
M. after26 Oct 1750 in Post Vincennes, New France²
Wife: Marie-Therese Mallet
D. 24 Mar 1773 in Montreal, Quebec³

Jean-Baptiste Renaud dit Deslauriers was the only one in his family to make the migration to Post Vincennes, a remote place in colonial French America. There’s nothing that suggests he was ever involved in fur trading. So this brings to mind the question, how and why did he make such a move?

Jean-Baptiste was born in Boucherville, New France on October 1, 1708 to Jean-Baptiste Renaud dit Deslauriers and Marie-Anne Provost.¹ His parents had six children, then his mother died in 1716,⁴ and his father remarried,⁵ having eight children with his new wife. The early adult years of Jean-Baptiste’s life are missing from the records, but an item that has been attached by researchers to his father might instead be a fact about him. It was said that his father was “a soldier in the company of Villiers.”⁶ It’s unclear what the original source of this was, but there were several military officers in Montreal named “Coulon de Villiers,” and their careers took place when Jean-Baptiste’s father was past the age of 45.⁷

But the dates line up perfectly for the younger Jean-Baptiste to have been the soldier. There were two brothers in the Coulon de Villiers family who led missions to the Great Lakes region and Illinois Country, François and Louis. François spent enough time in Illinois to have married two wives there, and Louis was appointed to command a post in 1748 at Fort des Miamis (present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana).⁸ So either of these men might have headed “the company of Villiers” which had Jean-Baptiste as a soldier.

François Coulon de Villiers (source: BAnQ)

This scenario would offer a plausible reason for Jean-Baptiste to end up in Vincennes. He first appeared in records there in a marriage ban at St. Francis Xavier parish on October 26, 1750.² His bride was Marie-Therese Mallet, a native of Detroit, and was 26 years younger than Jean-Baptiste.⁹ The couple went on to have seven children, all baptized at St. Francis Xavier. Therese died on September 19, 1763,¹⁰ a year after their youngest child was born.

The parish records also reveal that Jean-Baptiste was a slave owner. An indigenous slave named Françoise had a daughter baptized in January 1756;¹¹ unfortunately, on February 6th, the child died and was buried in the parish cemetery.¹² Three days later, Françoise died as well.¹³ Ten years later, on February 24, 1766, a black slave woman named Josette gave birth to a daughter, who was baptized the same day.¹⁴ There is no other record of Josette or her little girl. Could Jean-Baptiste have fathered these slave children? It seems possible, especially for the 1766 baptism since his wife was deceased, but there's no way to tell with any certainty.

For reasons that are unexplained, Jean-Baptiste returned to Montreal at some time after 1770, and died there on March 24, 1773.³ His children must have stayed behind in Vincennes because several of them went on to marry and raise their families there. So while Jean-Baptiste went home to Canada, his bloodline carried on in Vincennes.

Children:
1. Marie-Therese Renaud dite Deslauriers — B. Oct 1753, Poste Vincennes, New France¹⁵

2. Jean-Baptiste Renaud dit Deslauriers — B. 6 Nov 1754, Poste Vincennes, New France;¹⁶ D. 29 Sep 1834, Vincennes, Indiana;¹⁷ M. Marie-Madeleine Bordeleau (1761-1819), 9 Jul 1779, Vincennes, Virginia Territory¹⁸

3. Marie-Anne Renaud dite Deslauriers — B. Jun 1756, Poste Vincennes, New France;¹⁹ D. 26 Mar 1787, Ste-Anne-de-Varennes, Vercheres, Quebec;²⁰ M. Isidore Langevin (1752-1838), 30 Jan 1775, Ste-Anne-de-Varennes, Vercheres, Quebec²¹

4. Françoise Renaud dite Deslauriers — B. 19 Sep 1757, Poste Vincennes, New France²²

5. Louis Renaud dit Deslauriers — B. 14 May 1759, Poste Vincennes, New France;²³ M. Marguerite Codere (1768-?), 2 Aug 1784, Vincennes, Virginia Territory²⁴

6. François Renaud dit Deslauriers — B. before 3 Feb 1761, Poste Vincennes, New France²⁵

7. Charles Renaud dit Deslauriers — B. before 13 Sep 1762, Poste Vincennes, New France²⁶

Sources:
1    Baptismal record of Jean-Baptiste Renaud dit Deslauriers, Quebec Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, FamilySearch.org
2    Marriage ban of Jean-Baptiste Renault and Therese Mallet, “Records of the Parish of St. Francis Xavier,” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 12, 1901, p.43
3    Burial record of Jean-Baptiste Renaud dit Deslauriers, Q.C.P.R.
4    Burial record of Marie-Anne Provost, Q.C.P.R.
5    Marriage record of Jean-Baptiste Renaud dit Deslauriers and Marie Pinot, Q.C.P.R.
6    Généalogie du Québec et d’ Amérique française listing of Jean-Baptiste Renaud dit Deslauriers (his father)  
7    Burial record of Jean-Baptiste Renaud dit Deslauriers (his father), Q.C.P.R.
8    Nicolas Antoine Coulon de Villiers (Wikipedia article)  
9    Genealogy of the French Families of the Detroit River Region, 1701-1936, Christian Dennison, 1987, p. 783
10  Burial record of Marie-Therese Mallet, R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 325
11  Baptismal record of “Angelique, daughter of Françoise, Indian slave of Deslauriers, R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 322
12  Burial record of “Angelique, daughter of Françoise, slave of Deslauriers,” R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 58
13  Burial record of “Pani slave of Deslauriers,” R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 59
14  Baptismal record of “a little negro girl belonging to Des Lauriers,” R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 204
15  Baptismal record of Marie-Therese Renaud des Lauriers, R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 209
16  Baptismal record of Jean-Baptiste Regnaud des Lauriers, R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 211
17  Death record of Jean-Baptiste Renaud dit Deslauriers (his son), St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church records: marriages and deaths, 1749-1838, Barbara Schull Wolfe, 1999
18  Marriage record of Jean-Baptiste Renault and Marie-Magdeleine Bordeleau, R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 55
19  Baptismal record of Marie-Anne Renaud, R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 323
20  Burial record of Marie-Anne Renaud, Q.C.P.R.
21  Marriage record of Isidore Langevin and Marie-Anne Renaud, Q.C.P.R.
22  Baptismal record of Françoise Renaud, R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 324
23  Baptismal record of Louis Renault, R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 195
24  Marriage record of Louis Renaud and Marguerite Codere, Indiana Marriages, 1780-1992, FamilySearch.org
25  Baptismal record of François Renault, R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 197
26  Baptismal record of Charles Renault, R. of the P. of S.F.X., p. 200