Young Mother in a War Zone — Marie-Marguerite Morin

B. about 1735 in (probably) St-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud, New France¹
M. 18 Feb 1754 in St-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud, New France²
Husband: Jean-François Chouinard
D. 18 Sep 1816 in Kamouraska, Quebec¹

War touches more than the soldiers who engage in it — at times, it invades the lives of civilians. This was true for ;Marie-Marguerite Morin in the 1759 English takeover of French Canada. The story of her generation is one that needs to be remembered.

Marguerite was born in St-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud, a community near the St. Lawrence River. Her parents were Antoine Morin and Marguerite Daniau and she was the oldest of their 15 children. Her baptism is missing from parish registers, but by the age on her burial record, we can say it was about 1735.¹ It was on February 18, 1754 that Marguerite got married to Jean-François Chouinard; the wedding took place at her family’s parish.²

Over the next five years, Marguerite gave birth to three or four children in their home somewhere on the Côte-du-Sud (the south shore of the St. Lawrence). As to exactly where the family lived, that is in question because the baptismal records of her children are missing. The villages where she and her husband were born (St-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud and L’Islet) each have complete records, but a village nearby, St-Jean-Port-Joli, doesn’t have surviving parish registers before 1767. There is a strong possibility that this was where Marguerite and her family lived.

As Marguerite was raising her young children, the colony of her birth was dying. New France was overpowered and outnumbered by the English to the south, which was enough of a threat, but when England and France found themselves at war in the mid-1750s, it was almost inevitable that the British would take Canada. The first few years of the war caused terrible hardship to people like Marguerite with food shortages and limited access to other goods. The men were leaving their farms to take up arms in a desperate attempt to save their homeland, which made the food supply even more scant.

In the late spring of 1759, the British Navy arrived by ship to the St. Lawrence River. As they headed up the coast of the river to make campsites, they sailed along the Côte-du-Sud, and perhaps Marguerite saw them from her farm. People along the south shore knew they had to find shelter inland, and during this time, Jean-François and Marguerite likely packed up their family and moved to safer ground. This meant abandoning their farm during the planting season. 

British ships arrive with soldiers on the St. Lawrence.

There’s no specific details of what Marguerite’s family experienced. What we know is that when they were gone, the English came in and destroyed many villages. A force of 800 men landed at Kamouraska and marched through the towns along the river, one-by-one.³ The methodically visited each farm, killed the livestock, and set fire to the houses and outbuildings. This happened at virtually the same time as the battle on the Plains of Abraham.

Many communities, including L’Islet and St-Jean-Port-Joli, suffered near total destruction, and it's likely that Marguerite and her husband had nothing to return to except bare, scorched land. As with other residents of Côte-du-Sud, they resettled there and resumed their lives. On March 11, 1761, the baptism of her son, Louis-Marie was recorded at L’Islet;⁴ then followed two more children with missing baptisms until we see a daughter Marie-Françoise baptized on May 6, 1768 at St-Jean-Port-Joli.⁵ The family would grow to include five more children baptized at St-Jean-Port-Joli, with the youngest born in 1778 when she was about age 43.⁶

Eventually Marguerite and Jean-François moved downriver to St-Louis-de-Kamouraska. Jean-François passed away in 1807,⁷ and Marguerite lived until September 18, 1816.¹ Today the terrible events of 1759 are recognized in St-Jean-Port-Joli with a monument to those who lived through it. The French words on the monument translate as, “We remember you – We salute the courage and determination that cured the South Coasters following the devastating invasion of 1759.”⁸ 

Monument at St-Jean-Port-Joli.

Children:
1. Jean-Marie Chouinard — B. about 1755, Côte-du Sud, New France;⁹ D. 8 May 1836, St-Louis, Kamouraska, Quebec;¹⁰ M. (1) Genevieve Miville (1760-1788), 17 Aug 1778, St-Roch-des-Aulnaies, Quebec;¹¹ (2) Catherine Roy (1768-1791), 1 Feb 1790, Kamouraska, Quebec;¹² (3) Marie-Antoinette Pinet (1772-1813), St-Andre, Quebec;¹³ (4) Euphrosine Tardif (1773-1856), 21 Jan 1817, Kamouraska, Quebec¹⁴

2. (possibly) Marguerite Chouinard — B. 7 Oct 1758, Côte-du Sud, New France;¹⁵ D. 7 Oct 1758, Côte-du Sud, New France¹⁵

3. Marguerite Chouinard — B. about 1759, Côte-du Sud, New France;¹⁶ D. 2 Dec 1828, Bellechasse, Quebec;¹⁶ M. (1) François-Joseph Mignault dit LaBrie (1743-1805), 12 Jan 1779, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec;¹⁷ (2) Joseph Lacasse (1754-1829), 26 Jan 1807, Lauzon, Quebec¹⁸

4. Charlemagne Chouinard — B. about 1760, Côte-du Sud, New France;¹⁹ D. 7 Apr 1852, Kamouraska, Quebec;²⁰ M. Perpetue Mignault (~1780-1849), 23 Nov 1801, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec²¹

5. Louis-Marie Chouinard — B. 11 Mar 1761, L’Islet, New France;⁴ D. 16 Feb 1821, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec;²² M. Marie-Josephe Levasseur (~1771-1821), 7 Nov 1785, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec²³

6. Genevieve Chouinard — B. about 1763, Côte-du Sud, New France;²⁴ D. 19 Apr 1851, St-Denis, Kamouraska, Quebec;²⁵ M. Jean-François Lavoie (1762-1820), 28 Jul 1783, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec²⁶

7. Jean-Chrysostome Chouinard — B. about 1765, Côte-du Sud, Quebec;²⁷ D. 1 Nov 1835, St-Ours, Quebec;²⁸ M. (1) Marguerite Michaud (~1742-1827), 3 Nov 1801, Ste-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, Quebec;²⁹ (2) Josephte Beaunoyer (~1790-?), 4 May 1829, St-Antoine-sur-Richelieu, Quebec³⁰

8. Marie-Françoise Chouinard — B. about 6 May 1768, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec;⁵ M. Joseph Blouin (~1755-?), 18 Jun 1787, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec³¹

9. Marie-Reine Chouinard — B. 13 Feb 1771, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec;³² D. 3 Sep 1851, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec;³³ M. Joseph-Marie Roy (1764-1856), 10 Feb 1792, Kamouraska, Quebec³⁴

10. Marie-Therese Chouinard — B. 18 Sep 1772, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec³⁵

11. Amable Chouinard — B. 19 Jun 1774, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec³⁶

12. Marie-Veronique Chouinard — B. 23 Sep 1776, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec;³⁷ D. 11 Jan 1781, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec³⁸

13. Archange Chouinard — B. 2 Nov 1778, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec;⁶ D. 31 Oct 1860, St-Frederic, Drummondville, Quebec;³⁹ M. Benjamin Pinet (1768-?), 21 Jul 1794, Kamouraska, Quebec⁴⁰

Sources:

1    Burial record of Marie-Marguerite Morin, Quebec, Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, FamilySearch.org
2    Marriage record of Jean-François Chouinard and Marie-Marguerite Morin, Q., C. P. R.
3    The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France, William R. Nestor, 2014
4    Baptismal record of Louis-Marie Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
5    Baptismal record of Marie-Françoise Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
6    Baptismal record of Archange Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
7    Burial record of Jean-François Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
8    “Les Anciens Canadiens,” The Historical Marker Database
9    Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Jean-Marie Chouinard
10  Burial record of Jean-Marie Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
11  Marriage record of Jean-Marie Chouinard and Genevieve Miville, Q., C. P. R.
12  Marriage record of Jean-Marie Chouinard and Catherine Roy, Q., C. P. R.
13  Marriage record of Jean-Marie Chouinard and Marie-Antoinette Pinet, Q., C. P. R.
14  Marriage record of Jean-Marie Chouinard and Euphrosine Tardif, Q., C. P. R.
15  Dictionnaire généalogique des familles canadiennes depuis la fondation de la colonie jusqu'a nos jours, Cyprien Tanguay (The date of the baptism and burial of Marguerite is during a gap in the current surviving records, but it’s possible Tanguay had access to records that no longer exist.) 
16  Burial record of Marguerite Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
17  Marriage record of François-Joseph Mignault dit LaBrie and Marguerite Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
18  Marriage record of Joseph Lacasse and Marguerite Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
19  Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Charlemagne Chouinard
20  Burial record of Charlemagne Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
21  Marriage record of Charlemagne Chouinard and Perpetue Mignault, Q., C. P. R.
22  Burial record of Louis-Marie Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
23  Marriage record of Louis-Marie Chouinard and Marie-Josephe Levasseur, Q., C. P. R.
24  Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Genevieve Chouinard
25  Burial record of Genevieve Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
26  Marriage record of Jean-François Lavoie and Genevieve Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
27  Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Jean-Chrysostome Chouinard
28  Burial record of Jean-Chrysostome Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
29  Marriage record of Jean-Chrysostome Chouinard and Marguerite Michaud, Q., C. P. R.
30  Marriage record of Jean-Chrysostome Chouinard and Josephte Beaunoyer, Q., C. P. R.
31  Marriage record of Joseph Blouin and Marie-Françoise Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
32  Baptismal record of Marie-Reine Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
33  Burial record of Marie-Reine Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
34  Marriage record of Joseph-Marie Roy and Marie-Reine Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
35  Baptismal record of Marie-Therese Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
36  Baptismal record of Amable Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
37  Baptismal record of Marie-Veronique Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
38  Burial record of Marie-Veronique Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
39  Burial record of Archange Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
40  Marriage record of Benjamin Pinet and Archange Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.

The Signs of Poverty — Thomas Hughes

B. before 28 Nov 1790 in Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England¹
M. 2 Jan 1811 in Bristol, England²
Wife: Hester Keen
D. 15 Jun 1835, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England³

Throughout the life of Thomas Hughes, every record had some indication of his social status: he was born into poverty and he died in it.

Thomas was the fourth son of John Hughes and Betty Morris of Almondsbury, England. The family lived in Almondsbury, England, which was just east of Bristol. Thomas was christened at St. Mary’s Church on November 28, 1790, likely as an infant.² Since he later signed his name with an X, we can assume he had little or no education.¹ Like many in the village, Thomas’ family received handouts from the community. Records show that his mother was sometimes given cloth, which she presumably turned into simple garments for her children. 

St. Mary’s Church in Almondsbury.

In early 1800, Thomas’ father received money to put towards the building of a house.⁴ Likely it was a very modest structure, but the record suggests that John Hughes was constructing it. Thomas, age 9, may have picked up a few carpentry skills because after he came of age, he also received one pound towards the building of his own house. This was noted in the Almondsbury vestry order book on May 31, 1816.⁴ The meager amount of money donated to them would suggest that the houses built by Thomas and his father were little more than wooden shacks, although this is speculation.

By this time Thomas had gotten married. On January 2, 1811, he wed Hester Keen at St. Stephen Church in Bristol.² Between 1813 and 1831, they had eight children, of whom at least two died young. The records of St. Mary’s Church in Almondsbury show that there was a gap of over 9 years between Thomas bringing children into the church to be baptized. Although he had a son born in 1819, and another born in 1823, he waited until the last day of 1826 before having them baptized along with their newborn sister.⁵ Perhaps he didn’t have the money for the service when the boys were born.

Thomas’ adulthood was a time of widespread unemployment in England. In the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars starting in 1815, ex-soldiers returning from the battlefield created a situation where there were more men looking for work than there were jobs. The Industrial Revolution was also a factor in the evolution of the workforce. These things likely affected Thomas as he struggled to find employment as a laborer.

The hardships of Thomas’ life may have contributed to his early death at age 45. When he died on June 15, 1835,³ he left behind several underaged children, and his widow Hester remarried in 1838.⁶ Although she was widowed again, none of the surviving children ended up in the poor house (one son migrated to Canada), so the cycle of poverty seems to have died with Thomas.

Children:
1. George Hughes — B. before 31 Oct 1813, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England;⁷ D. 6 Feb 1814, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England⁸

2. George Hughes — B. before 11 Apr 1815, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England;⁹ D. after 1891, (probably) England;¹⁰ M. (1) Mary, before 1861;¹¹ (2) Elizabeth, before 1881¹²

3. James Hughes — B. before 10 Aug 1817, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England;¹³ D. before 4 Jan 1829, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England¹⁴

4. Charles Hughes — B. about 1819, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England;⁵ D. before 1864;¹⁵ M. Maria Bevan (1820-1888), 15 Jun 1842, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island¹⁶

5. Thomas Hughes — B. about 1823, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England;⁵ D. after 1861;¹¹ M. Mary Ann Wither (~1823-?), 7 Sep 1845, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England¹⁷

6. Rachel Hughes — B. before 31 Dec 1826, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England⁵

7. James Hughes — B. before 4 Jan 1829, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England¹⁴

8. Selina Hughes — B. before 31 Jan 1831, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England;¹⁸ M. William Cardin (1831-?)¹¹

Sources:
1    Baptismal record of Thomas Hughes, Bristol, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538-1812, Ancestry.com
2    Marriage record of Thomas Hughes and Hester Keen, England, Marriages, 1538-1973, FamilySearch.org
3    Death record of Thomas Hughes, England, Bristol, Parish Registers, 1538-1900, FamilySearch.org
4    Overseers order books, 1797-1817, England, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, FamilySearch.org
5    Baptismal record of Charles, Thomas and Rachel Hughes, E., B., P. R.
6    Marriage record of Jonathan Horler and Hester Hughes, England & Wales Marriages, 1538-1988, Ancestry.com
7    Baptismal record of George Hughes (older), E., B., P. R.
8    Death record of George Hughes (older), E., B., P. R.
9    Baptismal record of George Hughes (younger), E., B., P. R.
10  1891 U. K. census, Almondsbury, England
11  1861 U. K. census, Almondsbury, England
12  1881 U. K. census, Almondsbury, England
13  Baptismal record of James Hughes (older), E., B., P. R.
14  Baptismal record of James Hughes (younger), E., B., P. R.
15  Hutchinson’s Prince Edward Island City Directory, 1864, which shows Maria Hughes as a widow
16  Marriage record of Charles Hughes and Maria Baird, Canada, Prince Edward Island Marriage Registers, 1832-1888, FamilySearch.org
17  Marriage record of Thomas Hughes and Mary Ann Wither, Bristol, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1935, Ancestry.com
18  Baptismal record of Selina Hughes, E., B., P. R.

Survivor of Childhood Tragedies — Marie-Thérèse Maillot

B. 3 Mar 1708 in Montreal, New France¹
M. 11 Aug 1730 in Montreal, New France²
Husband: Antoine Mallet
D. after 25 Oct 1753 in (probably) Post Vincennes, New France³

By the time Marie-Thérèse Maillot had reached her 14th birthday, she had seen the death of both parents and eight of her ten siblings, plus her home was destroyed in a fire. But she survived, and wound up making a life far from where she started out.

Thérèse was born on March 3, 1708 in Montreal to Guillaume Maillot and Marie-Anne Massé.¹ Her father and grandfather were both blacksmiths,^4,5 a vital part of the growing settlement on the St. Lawrence. When she was a child, Thérèse watched as her parents buried infants, one-by-one. Then in 1718, her father died at age 47.⁶

Thérèse’s mother remarried to merchant from France named Pierre Courault de LaCoste,⁷ who became her step-father even though he was just 12 years older than she was. The family continued to live in the house owned by Thérèse’s father, said to be two stories tall and measuring 33 feet by 45 feet.⁸ Unfortunately, it was made of wood, which would come into play one fateful day during 1721.

That June 19th, the people of Montreal had gathered on the streets in celebration of the feast of Corpus Christi, one of many special dates on the Catholic calendar. It’s easy to imagine Thérèse and her sister Marie-Anne joining in the excitement. But then someone fired a gun in the air, with sparks landing on and igniting the roof of a church building. Before anyone could stop it, lower Montreal was engulfed in flames.⁹ The house where Thérèse lived was on Rue Saint-Paul,¹⁰ and wasn’t far from the church. The blaze ended up destroying about 150 homes, and hers was one of them. For the next several months, the family was forced to take refuge in a house located outside of the fire zone.¹¹ 

Map of the 1721 Montreal fire.

Things got worse for Thérèse that year. In September, her mother went through her final labor, delivering a stillborn child — and then she died.¹² Thérèse and Marie-Anne were left under the care of their young step-father, who remarried to someone even younger in March 1722.¹³

It may have been because Pierre Courault de LaCoste was a fur trading merchant¹⁴ that Thérèse ended up moving to the West. Certainly she came into contact with many people in Montreal who had dealings with her step-father, such as Antoine Mallet, a man from Detroit. They were married on August 11, 1730 at Notre Dame de Montreal with Courault de LaCoste in attendance.² Not long after that date, she left the St. Lawrence River area, never to return.¹⁵ Thérèse was able to sign her name on the marriage document, an indicator that she had received some education. 

Signature of Therese.

After a long trek by canoe and foot, Thérèse and Antoine set up their household at Detroit.¹⁵ Established in 1701, the French outpost was already a lively place of fur trading leading to places further west. Thirty years after its founding, it still was a rough existence, and of the ten children Thérèse gave birth to, only four survived. Her child-bearing spanned the years 1731 to 1743.

Thérèse moved one more time in her life. In 1750, her 15-year-old daughter was married at Post Vincennes,¹⁶ which is in present-day Indiana. Thérèse’s name was on a Post Vincennes baptism dated October 25, 1753, and she was described as a widow.³ Most likely, Antoine had died after they both moved there, but there is no record of his death. The baptism was the last mention of Thérèse, and she probably passed away during the 1750s.

Children:
1. Marie-Therese Mallet — B.about 3 May 1731, Detroit, New France;¹⁵ D. Jan 1734, Detroit, New France¹⁵

2. Marie-Catherine Mallet — B. about 22 Oct 1732, Detroit, New France;¹⁵ D. Oct 1732, Detroit, New France¹⁵

3. Marie-Therese Mallet — B. about 12 Apr 1735, Detroit, New France;¹⁵ D. 19 Sep 1763, Post Vincennes, New France;¹⁶ M. Jean-Baptiste Renaud dit Deslauriers (1708-?), 26 Oct 1750, Post Vincennes, New France¹⁷

4. Jacques-Louis Mallet — B. about 15 Apr 1736, Detroit, New France;¹⁵ D. 14 Jun 1794, Vincennes, Indiana Territory;¹⁸ M. Marie-Louise Crepeau (1758-1825), about 1778, Post Vincennes, Illinois Country¹⁸

5. Joseph Mallet — B. about 26 Aug 1737, Detroit, New France;¹⁵ D. Apr 1739, Detroit, New France¹⁵

6. Jean-François Mallet — B. about 11 Oct 1738, Detroit, New France;¹⁵ D. before 25 Jul 1806, Vincennes, Indiana Territory;¹⁹ M. Marie-Charlotte Levron dit Metayer (1756-1814), 30 Jan 1770, Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory¹⁹

7. Marie-Timothea Mallet — B. about 6 Sep 1739, Detroit, New France;¹⁵ D. Dec 1739, Detroit, New France¹⁵

8. Angelique Mallet — B. about 9 Dec 1740, Detroit, New France;¹⁵ D. Dec 1740, Detroit, New France¹⁵

9. Antoine Mallet — B. about 12 Feb 1742, Detroit, New France;¹⁵ M. Catherine Bordeleau (1759-1818)²⁰

10. Augustin Mallet — B. about 12 Apr 1743, Detroit, New France;¹⁵ D. Apr 1743, Detroit, New France¹⁵

Sources:
1    Baptismal record of Marie-Therese Maillot, Quebec, Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, FamilySearch.org
2    Marriage record of Antoine Mallet and Marie-Therese Maillot, Q., C. P. R.
3    Baptismal record of Marie-Therese Renaud dit Deslauriers, “Records of the Parish of St. Francis Xavier,” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 12, 1901, p. 209
4    Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Martin Masse
5    Our French-Canadian Ancestors, Vol. 6, Gerard Lebel (translated by Thomas J. Laforest), 1990
6    Burial record of Guillaume Maillot, Q., C. P. R.
7    Marriage record of Pierre Courault de LaCoste and Marie-Anne Massé, Q., C. P. R.
8    Montreal Fire 1721, Google Groups
9    Torture and the Truth: Angélique and the Burning of Montreal (website)
10  Property sale record, 9 Jul 1721 to 30 Jan 1722, BAnQ
11  Inventory of property of Pierre Courault de LaCoste, 23 Sep to 16 Oct 1721, BAnQ
12  Burial record of Marie-Anne Massé, Q., C. P. R.
13  Marriage record of Pierre Courault de LaCoste and Marguerite Aubuchon, Q., C. P. R.
14  Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Pierre Courault de LaCoste
15  Genealogy of the French Families of the Detroit River Region, 1701-1936, Christian Dennison, 1987, p. 783
16  Burial record of Therese Mallet, “Records of the Parish of St. Francis Xavier,” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 12, 1901, p. 325
17  Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Therese Mallet
18  WikiTree listing of Jaques Louis Mallet
19  WikiTree listing of Jean François Maillet
20  WikiTree listing of Antoine Maillet

On Land Between Two Muddy Rivers — George Sutherland

B. about 1660 in (probably) New Kent County, Virginia¹
M. about 1680 in (probably) Virginia¹
Wife: Elizabeth (possibly) Norment
D. before June 1699 in (probably) King and Queen County, Virginia²

To tell the story of George Sutherland, what we know is almost entirely contained in a series of documents about his estate after he died. But by putting the established facts into the context of history and geography, it’s possible to understand a little more about who he was.

George is thought to have been born in Virginia in about 1660 to Alexander Sutherland (also spelled Southerland), a man from Scotland;¹ George’s mother is completely unknown. Many researchers have claimed that Alexander’s pedigree connects to Scottish royalty, and this seems to be fraudulent, or at the very least unlikely. More probable is that Alexander came from more humble roots that are impossible to trace — his only appearance on a document is in a passenger list for a ship that arrived in York County, Virginia on November 1, 1654.¹ That puts him near the land his supposed son George later claimed. This fact, plus that the name Sutherland is less-than-common, makes a case that Alexander was the father of George.

After George came of age in around 1680, he married a woman named Elizabeth (her last name is thought to be Norment).¹ The couple had at least three sons, and possibly other children. Sometime during the 1680s or 1690s, George acquired land from some Indians, apparently giving them money or goods in return. This wasn’t a valid transaction in the eyes of the colony because legally, the King of England owned the land, and only he or his representatives could grant it to an individual. The title wasn’t disputed, though, until after George died.⁴

George’s land was located in a place described as Pamunkey Neck,² which was a geographic feature formed by two small rivers (the Pamunkey and Mattaponi) coming together to form a larger river (the York). It was these inland waterways that gave the Virginia Tidewater its climate, which in turn gave the colonists their livelihood. The rivers wide enough to be navigable supplied a way for planters to transport their tobacco to the ports where it could be shipped around the world. Deposits of the rivers made the soil very rich along the riverbanks, and this was the land granted to the wealthier settlers who came over from England.⁵ 

Map of where George had his land.

Places that weren’t along the water’s edge weren’t nearly as good for growing tobacco. “Neck” land was described as being “thin and barren.”⁵ This is probably the type of acreage George got in his deal with the Indians. Land of this type was said to be worth as low as “5 shillings an acre,” compared to the “rich bottom land” typically valued at £5 an acre.⁵ Perhaps this is why even without proper documentation, the courts posthumously cleared up the title and allowed his sons to inherit the land.

Since the single known record identifying George seems to suggest that he died at age 40 or younger, it leads to the question of how he died. The answer may lie in the climate of the region. The heat and the swampy nature of the Virginia Tidewater meant that mosquitos were a huge presence, and with that came diseases like malaria, typhoid fever and dysentery.⁵ This is pure speculation, but George may have been the victim of one of these illnesses. His death date is unknown, but it was before June of 1699.² It’s unknown when his wife Elizabeth died.

Children:
1. Joseph Sutherland — B. about 1680 in (probably) King and Queen County, Virginia;¹ D. about 1739, King William County, Virginia;¹ M. _____ Chiles, before about 1718, (probably) Virginia⁶

2. Phillip Sutherland — B. before June 1799 in (probably) King and Queen County, Virginia²

3. George Sutherland — B. before June 1799 in (probably) King and Queen County, Virginia²

Sources:

1    Sutherlands and Their Tangled Branches, Robert J. Walsh, 1985, pp. 12-13
2    English Duplicates of Lost Virginia Records, 1958, p. 62
3    “Southerland Famiy of King William County, Virginia,” Winston of Virginia and Allied Families, Clayton Torrence, 1927, pp. 389-394
4    Journal of the House of Burgesses, Vol. 3, page 283
5    Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America, David Hackett Fischer, 1989
6    There is a string of evidence that points to a Miss Chiles being the wife of Joseph. (1) In 1763, Fendall was executor to the probate of a man named Walter Chiles, implying a close relationship. (2) Walter Chiles had two sisters, one of whom married a Mr. Sutherland (Reports of Cases in the General Court of Virginia, 1829, p. 133). (3) The age of Walter Chiles and his sisters would put them on the generation of Fendall’s father, Joseph.

A Widow Taken to Court — Marie-Louise Chalifour

B. 13 Sep 1661 in Quebec City, New France¹
M. 18 Apr 1678 in Quebec City, New France²
Husband: Joseph Vandandaigue
D. 29 May 1735 in Quebec City, New France³

When Marie-Louise Chalifour was in her old age, she was charged with an unusual offense — building a channel from a waterway that affected community interests downstream.

Marie-Louise was born in Quebec City, New France on September 13, 1661.¹ Her parents were Paul Chalifour (also spelled Chalifou) and Jacquette Archambault, the daughter of early Montreal settler Jacques Archambault. Louise became part of a very large family, which was typical for New France — she was the 7th of 14 children. All of her older siblings were girls, which placed a burden on her father to marry them off, and most of them were brides at a very young age. This was true for Louise who got married at age 16.

Louise’s husband was Joseph Vandandaigue, who was a carpenter that constructed buildings — this was the same occupation as her father, so it’s possible they had worked together on projects. Joseph had the unusual distinction of having been born in Brussels, Belgium; his name was originally Josef Van den Dyck when he arrived in the colony. Their wedding took place on April 18, 1678 at Notre-Dame in Quebec City,² and Louise brought a large dowry of 2,500 livres into her marriage, which included land and a house. By the end of the year, she gave birth to her first child;⁴ she had six more born by 1693, with two dying as infants.

Louise and Joseph made their home in Beauport, and in 1681, both were witnesses to an altercation between two of their neighbors, Jean de Rainville and Charles Turgeon.⁵ It was de Rainville’s wife who seems to have struck and injured Turgeon, and Louise and her husband must have been there because they were called to testify in court. The men involved ended up settling out of court.

After a long marriage together, Joseph passed away in January 1725.⁶ Louise was left to handle her farm on her own, and later that year was hit with a lawsuit coming from the seigneur of Notre-Dame-des-Anges, Jacques Pinguet de Vaucourt, claiming that she had rerouted a stream.⁷ It’s likely that the offender was really her husband, and that she was forced to take responsibility for it now that he was dead. The charge stated that de Vaucourt could no longer operate his grist mill, something that affected an entire community. Louise was ultimately fined 40 sols, a considerable amount of money. 

Map showing Joseph and Louise’s property in 1709.

Louise lived another 10 years, dying on May 29, 1735 in Quebec City.³ She was buried at Saint-Charles Borromée Cemetery in Charlesbourg.

Children:
1. Jaquette Vandandaigue — B. 27 Dec 1678, Quebec City, New France;⁴ D. 24 Apr 1714, Quebec City, New France;⁸ M. Pierre Boutillet (~1676-1715), 5 Oct 1699, Beauport, New France⁹

2. Marie-Anne Vandandaigue — B. 12 Jan 1680, Quebec City, New France;¹⁰ D. 31 Mar 1752, Montreal, New France;¹¹ M. (1) Antoine Bourg dit Lachapelle (~1662-1729), 26 Nov 1696, Beauport, New France;¹² (2) Pierre Thibault Leveilé (1688-1747), 6 Oct 1732, St-Laurent, New France¹³

3. Claude Vandandaigue — B. 2 May 1682, Quebec City, New France;¹⁴ D. 10 Mar 1752, St-François-de-Sale, Ile Jésus, New France;¹⁵ M. Marie Brideault (1691-?), 5 Nov 1708, Beauport, New France¹⁶

4. Jeanne Vandandaigue — B. Mar 1684, Quebec City, New France;¹⁷ D. 11 Sep 1684, Quebec City, New France¹⁸

5. Marie-Charlotte Vandandaigue — B. 29 Jun 1685, Beauport, New France;¹⁹ D. 8 Oct 1727, Montreal, New France;²⁰ M. Jean-Baptiste Dugas (~1670-1758), 9 Jan 1708, Beauport, New France²¹

6. Louise Vandandaigue — B. 23 Mar 1687, Beauport, New France;²² D. Oct 1725, Montreal, New France;²³ M. (1) Jacques Gervais (~1677-1708), 17 Nov 1704, Beauport, New France;²⁴ (2) Jean Étienne Boutin (1684-?), 14 Nov 1712, Beauport, New France;²⁵ (3) François Lefebvre (1679-1727), 17 Jan 1718, La Pairie, New France²⁶

7. Marguerite Vandandaigue — B. 7 Apr 1693, Beauport, New France;²⁷ D. 1693, Beauport, New France²⁸

Sources:
1    Baptismal record of Marie-Louise Chalifour, Quebec Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, FamilySearch.org
2    Marriage record of Joseph Vandandaigue and Marie-Louise Chalifour, Q., C. P. R.
3    Burial record of Marie-Louise Chalifour, Q., C. P. R.
4    Baptismal record of Jacquette Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
5    Court record of case between Charles Turgeon and Jean Rainville, 1 Sep 1681 to 10 Sep 1681, BAnQ
6    Burial record of Joseph Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
7    Court record of case between the seigneury of Notre-Dame-des-Anges and Louise Chalifour, 28 Jun 1725, BAnQ
8    Burial record of Jacquette Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
9    Marriage record of Pierre Boutillet and Jacquette Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
10  Baptismal record of Marie-Anne Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
11  Burial record of Marie-Anne Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
12  Marriage record of Antoine Bourg Lachapelle and Marie-Anne Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
13  Marriage record of Pierre Thibault Leveilé and Marie-Anne Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
14  Baptismal record of Claude Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
15  Burial record of Claude Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
16  Marriage record of Claude Vandandaigue and Marie Brideault, Q., C. P. R.
17  Baptismal record of Jeanne Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
18  Burial record of Jeanne Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
19  Baptismal record of Marie-Charlotte Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
20  Burial record of Marie-Charlotte Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
21  Marriage record of Jean-Baptiste Dugas and Marie-Charlotte Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
22  Baptismal record of Louise Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
23  Burial record of Louise Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
24  Marriage record of Jacques Gervais and Louise Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
25  Marriage record of Jean Étienne Boutin and Louise Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
26  Marriage record of François Lefebvre and Louise Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
27  Baptismal record of Marguerite Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.
28  Burial record of Marguerite Vandandaigue, Q., C. P. R.

The Paid and the Poor — John Hughes

B. before 19 Mar 1755 in Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England¹
M. 26 Jun 1780 in Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England²
Wife: Betty Morris
D. before 1 Aug 1818 in Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England³

For centuries, a system of charity existed in England where the needy were taken care of by the community. A person was evaluated by their parish council — they were either able to pay the local rate, or they were considered to be poor. And if they were poor, they received regular handouts distributed at the town church.

During most (if not all) of his adult life, John Hughes was one of the poor. He was born in the village of Almondsbury, England, baptized at St. Mary’s Church on March 19, 1755.¹ John’s parents were Thomas and Elizabeth Hughes, but nothing else is known of the family. At age 25, John was married at Almondsbury to Betty Morris; the wedding took place on June 26, 1780,² and John was able to sign his name to the parish register, indicating that he may have had a basic education. The couple were known to have had six children, with the first baptized on March 22, 1781.⁴ Their youngest was baptized in 1798,⁵ but this isn’t always proof of a birth year because some waited a few years to bring their children to the church.

The conditions John’s family lived in were likely desperate, and by 1799, he began making visits to the church for assistance. That November, a line formed outside the vestry room at St. Mary’s for an effort called “clothing the poor.” Over 40 people were there to receive what the community could offer. John was allowed 7 yards of cloth, while other people got shirts, shifts, jackets or blankets (one woman was even given a petticoat that day).⁶

A few weeks later on January 29, 1800, John returned to the vestry room with a request for money: he wanted to build a house.⁶ So they gave him 1 pound and 1 shilling, the equivalent of about $100 in today’s money. The meager amount didn’t go far enough, and he asked for more in February; this time he was awarded 1 pound,11 shillings and 6 pence. Presumably John then built his family a dwelling where they could live, but there are no details about the house itself. He likely did much of the work along with his older sons, which gives the impression that John and his family were hard-working people. 

Donation to John in 1800 Almondsbury vestry book.

Between 1801 and 1811, John didn’t appear in the vestry records. This may have meant he moved out of the area, but because he just built his house, that doesn’t seem likely. More plausible was that John was able to support his family during those years, and therefore didn’t seek the community’s help. In November 1811, his name was back on the list at clothing-the-poor day, and he received another length of cloth for his family.⁶

John was only about 63-years-old when he died, and his funeral took place at St. Mary’s on August 1, 1818.³ His wife Betty had passed away only a couple of weeks earlier,⁷ which suggests they may have died of the same illness, although there is no evidence of this. Within a generation, the vestry system was phased out in England because too many unemployed people overwhelmed it. New laws were passed during the 1830s requiring those getting public assistance to live in workhouses, which were essentially prisons for the poor. For that we can say that John was lucky to have lived at an earlier time.

Children:
1. George Hughes — B. before 4 Mar 1781, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England;⁴ M. Ann Gastrell (?-1812), 22 Mar 1806, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England⁸

2. Sarah Hughes — B. before 8 Feb 1784, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England⁹

3. John Hughes — B. before 22 Apr 1787, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England¹⁰

4. Thomas Hughes — B. before 28 Nov 1790, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England;¹¹ D. 15 Jun 1835, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England;¹² M. Hester Keen (~1790-1868), 2 Jan 1811, Bristol, England¹³

5. William Hughes — B. before 26 Jan 1794, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England¹⁴

6. Hannah Hughes — B. before 25 Mar 1798, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England;⁵ D. about 23 Apr 1821, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England;¹⁵ M. Stephen Bracey (1794-1872), 11 May 1816, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, England¹⁶

Sources:

1    Baptismal record of John Hughes, Bristol, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538-1812, Ancestry.com
2    Marriage record of John Hughes and Betty Morris, Bristol, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1938, Ancestry.com
3    Burial record of John Hughes, England, Bristol, Parish Registers, 1538-1900, FamilySearch.org
4    Baptismal record of George Hughes, B., E., C. of E. B., M. & B.
5    Baptismal record of Hannah Hughes, B., E., C. of E. B., M. & B.
6    Overseers order books, 1797-1817, England, Almondsbury, Gloucestershire, FamilySearch.org
7    Burial record of Betty Hughes, E., B., P. R.
8    Burial record of George Hughes, E., B., P. R.
9    Baptismal record of Sarah Hughes, B., E., C. of E. B., M. & B.
10  Baptismal record of John Hughes (younger), B., E., C. of E. B., M. & B.
11  Baptismal record of Thomas Hughes, B., E., C. of E. B., M. & B.
12  Burial record of Thomas Hughes, E., B., P. R.
13  Marriage record of Thomas Hughes and Hester Keen, E., B., P. R.
14  Baptismal record of William Hughes, B., E., C. of E. M. & B.
15  Burial record of Hannah Bracey, B., E., C. of E. B.
16  Marriage record of Stephen Bracey and Hannah Hughes, B., E., C. of E. M. & B.

A Doctor in Colonial Maryland — Samuel Berry

B. before about 1670 in (probably) Charles County, Maryland¹
M. before 1700 in (probably) Charles County, Maryland¹
Wife: unknown
D. after 30 Nov 1734 in Charles County, Maryland²

At a time when anyone with basic knowledge could practice medicine, Samuel Berry was described as a doctor and a surgeon. His birthdate is estimated as before about 1667, and he was likely born in Charles County, Maryland.¹ This was a region of tobacco plantations, and many people named Berry lived in the area. Most were thought to be descended from a James Berry who arrived from Devonshire, England by 1652.³ With a lack of records aside from wills and land transactions, it’s impossible to piece them together.

Samuel’s name first appeared in a lawsuit suing a man named John Wilder in 1690 for an unknown reason;³ unfortunately the original source for this is lost. Also unknown was the name of the woman Samuel married, likely sometime during the 1690s.¹ They had at least six children, born between about 1700 and about 1718, and probably there were others. It’s possible Samuel was married more than once.

On October 2, 1704, Samuel bought 100 acres of land in Charles County, a plantation called “Hull,” and some adjacent property called “Hopewell.”⁴ The seller was Samuel Cawood, and the price was 3,000 pounds of tobacco. The land was located near the Mattawoman Creek, northwest of the present-day town of Waldorf; Berry Road runs through the area and was likely named after his descendants. Most interesting in the transaction record was that Samuel was referred to as “Doctor Samuel Berry,” suggesting that while he operated a tobacco plantation, he was also practicing medicine, a fact confirmed in other documents.

What did being a doctor mean in early 18th-century Maryland? It’s almost certain Samuel didn’t have any medical schooling in his background. He likely learned how to treat patients in some other way, such as an apprenticeship to another man serving as a doctor. By picking up the basics of how to care for the sick, Samuel could offer his services to those who had no other options. A doctor like Samuel made very little money from this, and his primary income would be from his tobacco farm.

Samuel’s name, sometimes written as Dr. Berry, appeared in other records as witness to transactions, or as someone who was owed money in a probate document.¹ The latter seems to suggest he may have been treating the person in their final illness, although this is speculation. As for the plantation he bought in 1704, there’s no reason to believe he ever moved from there, remaining until near the end of his life.

By 1732, Samuel seemed to be living in poverty. That year he filed for an exemption from paying taxes, and his request was granted.³ It’s likely that his wife had died by this time and he may have been physically unable to work. On November 30, 1734, he sought help from a son-in-law named John Robey, signing over all of his possessions in return for being taken care of in his old age.² The document specified that Robey was to receive “a feather bed and furniture, a wooden cupboard, two iron pots, an iron skillet and four pewter basins.” This seems to indicate that Samuel only owned some very basic items at that point in his life. His date of death is unknown, but he may have survived for another 10 or 15 years.³  

1734 document involving Samuel and his son-in-law, John Robey.

Connection to son-in-law John Robey (~1714-1804)
The only document linking Samuel Berry to John Robey who died in 1804 is the statement he made signing over his possessions in 1734. Two things suggest that this is accurate. One is that there were no other men named John Robey living in the region where Samuel was. The other is that one of John Robey’s sons was given the first name Berry.⁵ While neither of these proof points are solid genealogical evidence, the two of them together make the conclusion strong.

Children:
1. Elizabeth Berry — B. about 1700, Charles County, Maryland;¹ D. before 7 Apr 1794, Charles County, Maryland¹

2. Anne Berry — B. about 1701, Charles County, Maryland;¹ D. after 7 Sep 1775, (probably) Charles County, Maryland¹

3. William Berry — B. about 1703, Charles County, Maryland;¹ D. 19 Feb 1733, Charles County, Maryland;¹ M. Esther Wakefield (~1706-1753), before 1729, (probably) Charles County, Maryland¹

4. Humphrey Berry — B. about 1705, Charles County, Maryland;¹ D. before 22 Jan 1772, Charles County, Maryland;³ M. (1) Mary Smallwood (~1710-~1731), before 1729, (probably) Charles County, Maryland;¹ (2) Anne Lovejoy (~1712-1798), about 1732, (probably) Charles County, Maryland¹

5. (supposed) Mary Berry — B. about 1715, Charles County, Maryland;¹ D. before 1802, (probably) Charles County, Maryland;¹ M. John Robey (1714-1804), before 11 Dec 1734, (probably) Charles County, Maryland²

6. Samuel Berry — B. about 1718, Charles County, Maryland;³ D. before 18 Mar 1776, Charles County, Maryland;³ M. Anne Thomas (~1722-?), about 1738, (probably) Charles County, Maryland³

Sources:
1    Samuel Berry listing, Early Colonial Settlers of Southern Maryland and Virginia’s Northern Neck Counties (website)
2    Document signing over property to John Robey, Charles County, Maryland Land Records, 1733-1743, Book O#2, p. 65
3    “Berry Family of Charles County,” Arthur L. Keith, Maryland Historical Magazine, 1906
4    1642-1753 Rent Rolls Charles County, Maryland, Hundred – Port Tobacco: Rent Roll page/sequence: 314/84
5    Mary Berry listing, Early Colonial Settlers of Southern Maryland and Virginia’s Northern Neck Counties (website)