Descendants in Canada and Louisiana — Leonard Girardin

B. about 1645 in Poiters, France¹
M. 12 Oct 1671 in Quebec City, New France²
Wife: Marie-Charlotte Jolivet
D. before 18 Oct 1688 in (probably) Lachine, New France³

For most of those who came over from France to settle along the St. Lawrence in the 1600s, they produced masses of descendants who populate 21st-century Canada. But in the case of Leonard Girardin, some of his lines traveled down into the bayou country of Louisiana.

Leonard’s beginnings are sketchy. He was born in about 1645 in Poiters, France,¹ a place that supplied many colonists along the St. Lawrence River. His parents were Joseph Girardin and Jeanne Boulanger, but nothing else is known of them. Also lost to history is the date he was recruited for New France — we only know that he was established as a farmer in the Quebec City area by October 12, 1671, the date of his marriage.²

The woman who Leonard married was a Fille du Roi named Marie-Charlotte Jolivet, and by the summer of 1675, they had two children. Then the family seems to have moved to the Trois-Rivières area because Charlotte was a witness in a court case in March 1677.⁴ By the following year, they were in Lachine,⁵ which was near Montreal. Five more children were added to the family. 

Migrating to Lachine. (AI-generated image)

By bringing his family to Lachine, Leonard introduced his children to life on the frontier, which in some ways set their futures. At age 13, daughter Anne-Jeanne married a soldier who would take her to the western end of Montreal island.⁶ Son Hiliare would survive being captured in an Iroquois raid, having witnessed terrible brutality.⁷ And son Joseph took the adventurous step of moving to the Gulf Coast in 1708; he would later be one of the earliest settlers of New Orleans.⁸

Between the baptism of his youngest son on May 8, 1687⁹ and the remarriage of his wife on October 18, 1688,³ Leonard passed away. A widow in New France tended to find another husband quickly, so perhaps Leonard died closer to the second date. Leonard’s wife and children seemed to have moved away from Lachine by the time of the August 1689 massacre, but may have been caught up in another Iroquois raid in Lachenaie.¹⁰ This was the danger of living around Montreal at that time.

As for the later generations of his family, two daughters would provide numerous lines in Canada, with one that trickled into fur trading outposts in the Illinois country. And son Joseph’s progenitors multiplied in the area around New Orleans, intermarrying with the Cajuns who came later, and leaving Leonard’s descendants scattered all over Louisiana today. Among Leonard’s famous descendants are Dan Aykroyd and Rudy Vallee.

Children:
1. Anne-Jeanne Girardin — B. about 1673, New France;¹¹ D. 28 Apr 1760, Ste-Anne-Bellevue, New France;¹² M. Hubert Ranger dit Laviolette (~1681-?), 30 Jul 1686, Lachine, New France⁶

2. Hillaire Girardin — B. 21 Jul 1675, Quebec City, New France;¹³ M. (1) Nicole Salois (1681-?), 26 Jan 1699, St-Laurent, Île d’Orleans, New France;¹⁴ (2) Anne-Marguerite Dupuis (1705-1767), 16 Aug 1729, La Prairie, New France¹⁵

3. Charles Girardin — B. 9 Mar 1678, Lachine, New France;⁵ D. before 30 Jan 1682, (probably) Lachine, New France¹⁶

4. Catherine Girardin — B. 16 Feb 1680, Lachine, New France;¹⁷ D. 24 Feb 1724, Ste-Anne-Bellevue, New France;¹⁸ M. Joseph Lamadeleine (1673-1750), 15 Nov 1699, Lachine, New France¹⁹

5. Joseph Girardin — B. 30 Jan 1682, Lachine, New France;²⁰ D. about 1756, Louisiana, New France⁸

6. Michel Girardin — B. 28 Jan 1684, Lachine, New France²¹

7. Louis Girardin — B. 8 May 1687, Lachine, New France⁹

Sources:
1    Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Leonard Girardin
2    Marriage record of Leonard Girardin and Charlotte-Catherine Jolivet, Quebec Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, FamilySearch.org
3    Marriage record of Simon Trio and Charlotte-Catherine Jolivet, Q., C. P. R.
4    Court records of case against Michel Gauron and Marguerite Robineau, BAnQ
5    Baptismal record of Charles Girardin, Q., C. P. R.
6    Marriage record of Hubert Ranger and Anne-Jeanne Girardin, Q., C. P. R.
7    The Lachenaie Massacre November 1689 (website)
8    WikiTree listing of Joseph Girardy
9    Baptismal record of Louis Girardin, Q., C. P. R.
10  Because 14-year-old Hillaire Girardin gave an eyewitness report about the massacre, it leads to the conclusion his family was also there.
11  Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Anne-Jeanne Girardin
12  Burial record of Anne-Jeanne Girardin, Q., C. P. R.
13  Baptismal record of Hilliare Girardin, Q., C. P. R.
14  Marriage record of Hilliare Girardin and Nicole Salois, Q., C. P. R.
15  Marriage record of Hilliare Girardin and Anne-Marguerite Dupuis, Q., C. P. R.
16  Burial record of Charles Girardin, Q., C. P. R.
17  Baptismal record of Catherine Girardin, Q., C. P. R.
18  Burial record of Catherine Girardin, Q., C. P. R.
19  Marriage record of Joseph Lemadeleine Catherine Girardin, Q., C. P. R.
20  Baptismal record of Joseph Girardin, Q., C. P. R.
21  Baptismal record of Michel Girardin, Q., C. P. R.

Bounty Land and Migration West — William Sutherland

B. about 1742 in King William County, Virginia¹
M. about 1766 in (probably) Virginia²
Wife: Mary “Polly” Owen
D. after 22 Jun 1803, Lincoln County, Kentucky³

The story of William Sutherland was similar to many of his generation: serving as a soldier in the American Revolution led to the westward movement of his descendants. William was born in King William County, Virginia in about 1742,¹ and he was believed to be the oldest son of Fendall Sutherland (also spelled Southerland or Sutherlin) and his first wife, an unnamed daughter of John Chiles.⁴ The details of his childhood and siblings are sketchy because an 1885 courthouse fire destroyed nearly all of the records of King William County. William did seem to have at least two younger brothers, and three younger half-sisters.

At some point, William struck out on his own, settling in an area of Virginia which was near the present-day border with North Carolina.¹ He married a young woman named Mary “Polly” Owen in about 1766,² and they started a family which would include 10 known children. The Piedmont region where William lived as an adult was somewhat different from where he was born. This wasn’t the Virginia tidewater country with its rich soil that was ideal for growing tobacco. Instead, farms produced smaller crops — a mix of corn, wheat, and other vegetables, along with some tobacco. Unlike his father, William owned no slaves,⁵ so he worked his land himself. Many of his neighbors were of Scots-Irish or German descent, recent immigrants who had migrated into western North Carolina on the Great Wagon Road from Pennsylvania. 

Clearing the land in the North Carolina Piedmont. (AI-generated image)

There is evidence that William served in the American Revolution, and a muster roll dated June 1, 1777 under Captain George B. Wallace of Virginia lists a William Sutherlin.⁶ With a common first name, this may have been another William, but a gap in his children’s ages fits the narrative that he served as a soldier for a time (fifth child Susannah was born about 1776, and sixth child Owen, was born in about 1781).

Also supporting the fact that William served in the American Revolution is a land grant dated May 20, 1793.⁷ In lieu of money after the war, soldiers were offered large tracts of land in designated areas on the western frontier. This record stated that William was a private in the Continental Army, but that he was assigning the land for Captain Tillman Dixon, an officer who served in a North Carolina regiment. We know that William lived in North Carolina around this time because three years earlier he was listed in the 1790 U.S. Census in Burke County.⁸

The land granted to Dixon amounted to 640 acres near present-day Nashville, Tennessee, and William must have received something in return for it, because he seems to have purchased a large amount of land in Lincoln County, Kentucky. In 1801, a Lincoln County tax list described that William owned 350 acres and 5 horses.⁹ Sons William and Fendall were also listed, and youngest son George was implied to be in his household. 

1801 tax list of Lincoln County, Kentucky.

William didn’t live long in Kentucky, because on June 22, 1803, he made out his will.³ Already “weak of body,” he bequeathed his land to his sons, with Fendall receiving 150 acres, and the other three 50 acres each. William noted that sons William and Owen already lived on the land they were to receive. The will was likely proven within a short time, and Mary Sutherland was listed as a landowner in 1804,¹⁰ which almost certainly meant that William had died by that date.

The sons and daughters of William Sutherland continued a progress to the west. Three of his sons, plus youngest daughter Nancy, ended up in Putnam County, Indiana. William’s widow Mary went with them, dying in 1834 at the age of 88.¹¹ Later generations would settle in Missouri, Kansas, and other places to the west; grandson John Franklin Sutherlin would found the town of Sutherlin, Oregon.¹² You could say that it all traces to land acquired by William because of his service in the War of Independence, which began the flow of migration to the west.

Children:
1. Fendall Sutherlin — B. 25 Dec 1767, (probably) North Carolina;¹³ D. 19 Feb 1834, Putnam County, Indiana;¹³ M. Lydia Franklin (1774-1869)¹³

2. William Sutherland — B. about 1770, (probably) North Carolina;¹⁴ D. after 1 Jun 1830, (probably) Putnam County, Indiana;¹⁵ M. Mary “Polly” Franklin (~1770-?), about 1788, Lincoln County, Kentucky¹⁶ 

3. Bethany Sutherlin — about 1773, (probably) North Carolina;¹⁷ D. 1839, Jackson, Tennessee;¹⁷ M. James S. Hawkins (1764-1822), about 1791, North Carolina¹⁸

4. Millicent Sutherlin — about 1775, (probably) North Carolina;¹⁹ D. 10 May 1852, Bullitt County, Kentucky;¹⁹ M. Samuel Goldsmith (1776-1850)¹⁹

5. Susannah Sutherlin — about 1776, (probably) North Carolina;¹⁸ M. William Harper (1773-?), about 1798, Burke County, North Carolina¹⁸

6. Owen Sutherlin — about 1781, (probably) North Carolina;²⁰ D. 1858, Casey County, Kentucky;¹⁸ D. about 1866, Casey County, Kentucky; M. Mary Vandeveer (1785-1840), 22 Nov 1802, Lincoln County, Kentucky²¹

7. Mary “Polly” Sutherlin — about 1783, Burke County, North Carolina; D. 22 Oct 1810, Kentucky; M. Jonathan Jones (1782-1853), 7 Dec 1801, Lincoln County, Kentucky 

8. George W. Sutherlin — B. 1787, Burke County, North Carolina;²⁴ D. 1841, Jackson Township, Putnam County, Indiana;²⁴ M. Elizabeth Miller (1790-1877), 1806, Kentucky²⁴

9. Nancy Sutherlin — 2 Jun 1784, Burke County, North Carolina;²⁵ D. 23 Apr 1831, Orange County, Indiana;²⁵ M. Jonathan Jones (1782-1853), 27 Jun 1811, Casey County, Kentucky²⁵

10. Jenny or Jane Sutherlin — about 1781, Burke County, North Carolina;²⁵ M. Claiborne Harris, after 1810, (probably) Kentucky²⁵

Sources:
1    Sutherlands and Their Tangled Branches, Robert J. Walsh, 1985, p. 23
2    Sutherlands and Their Tangled Branches, p. 29
3    Probate record of William Sutherland, Lincoln County, Kentucky, 22 Jan 1803, FamilySearch.org
4    There are strong indicators that William’s father was somehow connected to the Chiles family of Virginia. In March 1763, Fendall Sutherland was administrator of the estate of Walter Chiles, and the name Chiles also turned up on two land sales involving Fendall. Many have assumed that Chiles was the maiden name of Fendall’s first wife, but elsewhere there is a document that John Chiles (~1666-~1723) had two daughters, one of whom married a man named Sutherland, and the age of John Chiles suggests the mystery groom was Joseph Sutherland, not Fendall. John Chiles was the father of the Walter Chiles of the 1763 record, and Fendall would therefore be Walter’s nephew, the sort of relation for an estate administrator (Walter had no children of his own).
5    Tax lists of Lincoln County, Kentucky, 1792-1803, FamilySearch.org
6    Pay roll of Capt. George B. Wallace’s company in the Virginia Regiment, 1 Jun 1777
7    Land grant to William Sutherland, a private in the continental line of North Carolina, 20 May 1693
8    1790 U.S. Census, Burke County, North Carolina
9    1801 personal property tax list of Lincoln County, Kentucky, FamilySearch.org
10  1804 personal property tax list of Lincoln County, Kentucky, FamilySearch.org
11  Find-a-Grave listing of Mary “Polly” (Owen) Sutherlin
12  Find-a-Grave listing of John Franklin Sutherlin
13  Find-a-Grave listing of Fendel Sutherlin
14  William Sutherlin’s birth year estimate based on ages of his children
15  1830 U.S. Census, Putnam County, Indiana
16  William’s marriage year estimate based on ages of his children
17  Find-a-Grave listing of Bethernia “Thenie” (Sutherland) Hawkins
18  Sutherlands and Their Tangled Branches, p. 31
19  Find-a-Grave listing of Millicent “Milly” (Sutherland) Goldsmith
20  1850 U.S. Census, Casey County, Kentucky
21  Marriage record of Owen Sutherland and Mary Vandeveer, Kentucky, U.S., Compiled Marriages, 1802-1850, Ancestry.com
22  Sutherlands and Their Tangled Branches, p. 32
23  Marriage record of Jonathan Jones and Mary Southerland, Kentucky, U.S., Compiled Marraiges, 1802-1850, Ancestry.com
24  Find-a-Grave listing of George W. Suthelin
25  Sutherlands and Their Tangled Branches, p. 33

Father of Two New England Lines — John Poulter

B. about 1595 in (probably) Rayleigh, Essex, England¹
M. about 1630 in (probably) Rayleigh, Essex, England¹
Wife: Mary _______
D. before 30 May 1639 in (probably) Rayleigh, Essex, England¹

John Poulter was a man of 17th-century England whose life was brief, but is remembered because of the migration of his widow and children.

John was born in about 1595, probably in the town of Rayleigh in Essex, England.¹ His parents are unknown. Sometime before 1631, he married a woman named Mary, whose last name might have been Pope.¹ They had three children together.

Rayleigh is a village that dates back to antiquity, and John seems to have spent his entire life there. Besides the christening of his children, town records show that he served as church warden,¹ and in the spring of 1631, he was charged for the infraction of selling a small quantity of beer without a license.¹

Rayleigh Holy Trinity Church. (AI-rendered image)

While still a young man, John wrote a will on March 18, 1639.¹ In it, he gave his son £50 and each daughter £100, to be paid when they turned 21. He left 40 shillings to his mother, Marie Poulter, so she could buy “a ring of remembrance.” He also left an annuity of 20 shillings for five years to his mother-in-law, Marie Pope, and had bequests for several other people who didn’t all seem to be his relatives.

John passed away by the end of May,¹ leaving behind his widow to raise their three young children. She would remarry three times, with second husband John Parker bringing the family to Puritan Massachusetts.¹ Son John and daughter Elizabeth (who married Jonathan Danforth) would go on to have a large amount of descendants. Through the Danforths, John was the ancestor of actresses Bette Davis and Geena Davis.²

Children:
1. Mary Poulter — B. before 10 Apr 1631, Rayleigh, Essex, England;¹ D. before 10 Mar 1674, (probably) Essex, England¹

2. Elizabeth Poulter — B. 1 Sep 1633, Rayleigh, Essex, England;¹ D. 7 Oct 1689, Billerica, Massachusetts;³ M. Jonathan Danforth (1628-1712), 22 Nov 1654, Billerica, Massachusetts⁴

3. John Poulter — B. about 1635, (probably) Rayleigh, Essex, England;¹ D. 20 May 1676, Cambridge, Massachusetts;⁵ M. Rachel Eliot (1643-1723), 29 Dec 1661, Billerica, Massachusetts¹

Sources:
1    “The Poulter Family of Rayleigh, Essex, England, and Billerica, Massachusetts,” Janet Ireland Delorey, New England Historical and Genealogical Register, V. 141, Jul 1987
2    FamousKin.com listing of Jonathan Danforth
3    Find-a-Grave listing of Elizabeth (Poulter) Danforth
4    Marriage record of Jonathan Danforth and Elizabeth Poulter, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Vital and Town Records, 1626-2001, FamilySearch.org 
5    Find-a-Grave listing of John Poulter III

Enslaved in Mexico and Louisiana — Catherine ________

B. before 1706 in (probably) Mexico, New Spain¹
Unmarried
D. after 7 Nov 1731 in (probably) Louisiana, New France²

It’s impossible to know much about the life of Catherine, an Indigenous slave who gave birth to a child fathered by her master Nicolas Chauvin de La Frénière. But the evidence that she existed is written in two documents attached to her daughter, and in the DNA of many of her descendants.

Based on the birth of her daughter Hypolite in January 1718,³ it’s likely that Catherine was born around 1700, although if she was a very young mother she may have been born as late as 1705.¹ She was of an indigenous people in Mexico, likely one of the tribes in the southern region (see DNA evidence below). It’s impossible to know if Catherine was born as a slave, or captured later on, so we can only speak in generalized terms of what her early life might have been like. 

Map showing tribes of southern Mexico.

Many of the tribes of early 18th-century northern and central Mexico were nomadic, and if Catherine was born outside of slavery, she may have belonged to a small band of people living off the land. Groups like this were vulnerable to being captured by either Europeans or other Indigenous men to be sold for a profit. Often the captives were worked to death, but sometimes they were used in trades, as seemed to be the case with Catherine.

The place where Catherine came to in Mexico was a garrison along the northern border called Presidio del Norte.⁴ This was one of many outposts set up to “protect” the colony while it was having a silver mining boom. The Navajos and Apaches were a threat, so putting some of their military on the frontier acted as a deterrent to being attacked.⁵ The presidios became small remote places where goods could be bartered for, and in the spring of 1717, this brought a group of French men from the Gulf Coast, one of whom was Nicolas Chauvin de La Frénière.⁶

Chauvin de La Frénière arrived at the presidio in about March or April of 1717.⁶ He and his colleagues were said to have brought from 40,000 to 60,000 livres worth of goods to trade,⁶ but little went according to plan. This was mostly because the people of northern Mexico had almost nothing to offer in return. Currency was just about non-existent, and this wasn’t a region rich with agriculture or any other type of production.⁷

The one thing they had were Indigenous slaves. Soldiers at the presidio were said to be underpaid, and therefore looking for ways to profit for themselves. In his book The Other Slavery, historian Andrés Reséndez wrote, “…garrison commanders and soldiers supplemented their earnings by catching Indians and selling them to the Spanish colonists.”⁸ From this we can speculate that when some French men came around to trade with them, Catherine would have been offered for barter. More than likely, this was how she fell into the hands of Chauvin de La Frénière. We can date Catherine’s first contact with him to about April 1717, because that’s approximately when she must have become pregnant.

Trading for a slave in Mexico. (AI-generated image)

Sometime during the summer, the decision was made by the Frenchmen to return to their home in Mobile (present-day Alabama).⁶ It’s easy to imagine this must have been a grueling trip for the now-pregnant Catherine, traveling, likely by horseback, across the uninhabited territory between the Rio Grande and the Mississippi River. They must have encountered the hot, humid weather that exists today in southeast Texas. Along with these conditions was the fact Catherine was being taken against her will far away from all that was familiar. Plus the language barrier must have made things even more difficult as she struggled to understand her new circumstances.

Catherine’s baby was born on January 17, 1718, a daughter named Hypolite who was baptized the following day in the Mobile church.³ We may speculate that Catherine continued to live as a slave in Chauvin de La Frénière’s household for at least a few years. He got married in 1724;⁹ by then he had relocated to the newly established city of New Orleans. One more document mentioned Catherine, and that was the record of Hypolite’s marriage on November 7, 1731, where the bride’s mother was described as “Catherine, former servant of Chauvin de La Frénière.”² This meant she was living as a free woman, likely part of the Creole culture of early New Orleans. 

Creole people of early New Orleans.

DNA evidence of where Catherine was from
Like many people in America who are primarily of European descent, I grew up with a family tradition that we were “part Indian.” This came from my paternal grandmother, Hazel Elwood, and the claim was from her father’s side. Often when genealogy research is done, these types of family stories have no basis in fact. But that wasn’t the case for me — I found two Indigenous connections on my father’s side, and an additional one on my mother’s side, all from French-Canadian fathers.

Of the three, my strongest connection came from Catherine, who was two generations closer to me than the others. My 23andMe test revealed that I have a segment of Native-American DNA on chromosome 10 totaling about .4% of my DNA. The segment clusters with matches in my grandmother’s family, and with people from Louisiana and Texas, a region that isn’t prevalent in my other DNA matches. This led me to believe that this DNA came from Catherine, who has a large amount of descendants tracking through that part of the United States. 

Segment on chromosome 10.

This reading also showed up in my results on Family Tree DNA, and the segment has been identified as Amerindian – Central & South Mexico. Others in my family who are on FTDNA have gotten similar results, so this doesn’t seem to be a false read. Ancestry DNA doesn’t measure my Indigenous DNA because it’s under 1%, but my aunt and cousin, who have larger amounts of Catherine’s DNA, have readings of “American Indigenous – Yucatan Peninsula.” By doing a “hack” on my own Ancestry ethnicities, which reveals small amounts that Ancestry doesn’t include in their report, I got a reading of .41% of Yucatan DNA.

Did Catherine have another child?
Among my DNA matches whom I can identify as sharing the segment on chromosome 10, there are 24 who don’t seem to be descendants of Hypolite, and have another person as a most recent common ancestor (MRCA): Joseph Gregoire Guillory (1769-1853).¹⁰ I believe this indicates that Catherine had another child, and this may have been Joseph Gregoire Guillory’s mother, Marguerite (born about 1730).

Marguerite was referred to in records as being a negresse, a French designation for having African heritage. While there is no mention that Marguerite was possibly half-Native American, a person who was half-African would likely identify as black. Marguerite had a notable story, in that she had four children with a French man who were openly acknowledged by him, and when he died, his white children wanted to claim Marguerite’s children as their slaves. She had to fight for their freedom in court, which was granted after she paid a sum of money.¹¹

Could these DNA matches have gotten the segment another way? I think the only possibility was if Catherine had a close relative who came with her as a slave from Mexico. But this doesn’t seem likely because it would mean that she and her relative would have been kept together by whoever may have captured her in Mexico, then both traded to Chauvin de La Frénière or another French man who was with him. Given the rough circumstances of people in this time and place, this scenario seems very unlikely.

While I may have found evidence of another child for Catherine, for now this must be looked at as speculation. I’m hopeful that with further DNA study, I’ll be able to draw a more solid conclusion about this.

Child by Nicolas Chauvin de La Frénière:
1. Hypolite Chauvin de La Frénière — B. 17 Jan 1718, Post Mobile, New France;³ D. before 15 May 1758, (probably) Opelousas Post, Louisiana, New France;¹² M. (1) Joseph Turpin, 7 Nov 1731, New Orleans, New France;² (2) Joseph de La Mirande, 19 Mar 1750, Kaskaskia, New France¹³

Sources:
1    Statement that she was born before 1706 is based on the fact she gave birth in January 1718 and must have been at least 13-years-old then.
2    Marriage record of Hyppolitte and Joseph Turpin, The New Orleans French, 1720-1733: a collection of marriage records relating to the first colonists of the Louisiana Province, Winston De Ville, 1973
3    Baptismal record of Hypolite Chauvin de LaFreniere, Sacramental records of the Roman Catholic Church of the Archdiocese of Mobile, Volume 1, Section 1, 1704-1739, Michael L. Farmer and Ann Calagaz, eds., 2002
4    “St. Denis’s Second Expedition to the Rio Grande, 1716-1719,” Charmion Clair Shelby, The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Jan., 1924, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jan., 1924), p. 200
5    The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America, André Reséndez, 2016, p. 197-198
6    “The Chauvin Brothers: Early Colonists of Louisiana,” Gary B. Mills, Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Spring, 1974), p. 123-124
7    From TexasBeyondHistory.net (Big Bend Presidios): “Life was very hard for the soldiers and scouts of the presidios. They often suffered from hunger, thirst, and lack of sleep and were forced to perform their duties in the most inclement weather with tattered uniforms, damaged weapons, and worn out horses. They worked long hours, leaving them with little time for their families or for instruction in reading, writing, religion, or military arts. Life… was made even harsher by the position of the presidios at the very end of the northern frontier supply line, and a harsh local climate that hindered farming efforts.”
8    The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America, André Reséndez, 2016, p. 205
9    WikiTree listing of Nicolas Chauvin
10  I have built a cluster of DNA matches who share at least some of the segment on chromosome 10, and the majority of them are descendants of Joseph Gregoire Guillory. In addition to the 24 matches with known pedigrees, there are 6 who don’t have known pedigrees and are likely also his descendants. Of these matches, there are 16 who show 1% or 2% Indigenous Americas DNA that's either Mexico or Yucatan Peninsula. Many of these people are descended from Marguerite multiple times which could account for that much south-of-the-border DNA. 
11  “Index to Spanish Judicial Records of Louisiana,” The Louisiana Historical Quarterly, 1935, p. 204-212
12  Marriage contract of Joseph Lamirande and Marie Catherine Frederic, establishing that Hypolite Chauvin was deceased, 15 May 1758, Opelousas, Louisiana, The Louisiana Historical Center, Louisiana State Museum
13  Généalogie du Québec et d'Amérique française listing of Joseph Dulignon De LaMirande

83 Years in Colonial Chelmsford — Tabitha Parker

B. 21 Feb 1658 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts¹
M. 18 Nov 1676 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts²
Husband: Stephen Peirce
D. 31 Jan 1742 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts³

As the Puritans who settled in colonial Massachusetts spread to its outskirts, some trailed north of Boston. This is where Tabitha Parker spent her entire life. She was born on February 21, 1658 to Jacob and Sarah Parker,¹ two early settlers of the village of Chelmsford. Tabitha was the fifth of their nine children; her father was the town clerk, but sadly he passed away when she was 17.⁴ A little more than a year later, on November 18, 1676, Tabitha married Stephen Peirce,² who was new to the town. Their first child was thought to be born in about 1677,⁵ and by 1689, they had four more.

In 1686, some Chelmsford men formed a group to buy land directly from a local tribe.⁶ The plots were located just to the north of the town, also known as the Wamesit Purchase, and this is where the Peirce family settled. Tabitha faced certain dangers while raising her family there with fears of invasion by Indians who lived nearby, and in 1697 the men wrote a petition to the authorities in Boston asking for assistance.⁶ Many families struggled to maintain their farms, and it was said that their hay was set on fire causing some to leave the area, but Tabitha and Stephen stayed. 

Setting hay on fire. (AI-generated image)

Another issue about where Tabitha lived was that it was a long distance from the nearest meetinghouse. Every Sunday meant traveling on wilderness roads by horse or cart to the all-day services at Chelmsford’s church. In 1719, Stephen was one of several men who asked for a stable to be built at the meetinghouse to accommodate his family and neighbors.⁶

The town records reported in 1728 that Stephen was “impaired in his reasoning,” which caused him to be removed from a town committee.⁶ Tabitha likely became his caretaker as he lived out his final years, dying on June 10, 1733.⁷

Tabitha wrote a will on November 18, 1735,⁸ and in it we can see a glimpse of her life at the time. She was “sick of body, but of sound mind and memory,” and had specific ideas of who should get her humble possessions. She left many items to her granddaughter Sarah Wheeler, including “my best bed & furniture, & warming pan, & iron kettle, & pottage pot, & half a dozen pewter plates, & two pewter platters, & my [tramels?] & box irons.” To her youngest daughter Tabitha, she offered “my other bed & furniture, … my brass kettle & box of drawers & … case on my chest of drawers.” Tabitha made her mark on the document, indicating she was illiterate. 

Tabitha’s 1735 will.

On January 31, 1742, Tabitha passed away in Chelmsford at the age of almost 84.³ Some of her descendants would eventually migrate north, and great-grandson Benjamin Pierce became the governor of New Hampshire.⁹ His son was President Franklin Pierce,⁹ and further down the line were Barbara Bush and George W. Bush as niece and nephew relationships⁹ — quite a legacy for a woman of colonial Chelmsford.

Children:
1. Jacob Peirce — B. about 1677, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;⁵ D. 20 Sep 1749, Westford, Massachusetts;⁵ M. Mary Whittaker (~1689-1761)¹⁰

2. Stephen Peirce — B. 10 Apr 1679, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;¹¹ D. 9 Sep 1649, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;¹¹ M. Esther Fletcher (~1685-1767), 5 Jan 1707, Chelmsford, Massachusetts¹²

3. Benjamin Peirce — B. 4 Jun 1682, Chelmsford, Massachusetts¹³

4. Sarah Peirce — B. 25 Mar 1686, Chelmsford, Massachusetts¹⁴

5. Tabitha Peirce — B. 24 Feb 1690, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;¹⁵ D. 6 Feb 1742, Chelmsford, Massachusetts;¹⁶ M. William Fletcher¹⁶

Sources:
1    Birth record of Tabitha Parker, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Vital and Town Records, 1626-2001, FamilySearch.org
2    Marriage record of Stephen Peirce and Tabitha Parker, M., T. C., V. & T. R.
3    Death record of Tabitha Peirce, M., T. C., V. & T. R.
4    Parker in America 1630-1910, Augustus G. Parker, 1911, p. 532
5    WikiTree listing of Jacob Peirce
6    History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Wilson Waters, 1917
7    Death record of Stephen Peirce, M., T. C., V. & T. R.
8    Tabitha Peirce will, United States, Massachusetts, Middlesex – Probate Records, FamilySearch.org
9    FamousKin.com listing of Stephen Pierce
10  Marriage record of Jacob Peirce and Rachel Batchelder, New England Marriages prior to 1700, p. 582
11  Find-a-Grave listing of Deacon Stephen Peirce
12  Marriage record of Stephen Peirce and Esther Fletcher, M., T. C., V. & T. R.
13  Birth record of Benjamin Peirce, M., T. C., V. & T. R.
14  Birth record of Sarah Peirce, M., T. C., V. & T. R.
15  Birth record of Tabitha Peirce, M., T. C., V. & T. R.
16  Death record of Tabitha Peirce, M., T. C., V. & T. R.

Dutch Woman in Delaware — Catharina Cronenberg

B. before 1631 in (probably) Netherlands¹
M. (1) about 1648 in (probably) Flatbush, New Netherland¹
Husband: Hendrick _______
M. (2) before 18 Nov 1659 in (probably) Flatbush, New Netherland¹
Husband: Jan Teunissen Dam
D. before 25 Mar 1695 in (probably) Flatbush, New York¹

When we think of the Dutch colony in America, present-day New York comes to mind. But for a short time in the mid-17th century, New Netherland had control of part of Delaware, and Catharina Cronenberg moved there with her husband.

The early years of Catharina’s life are sketchy. She was from the Netherlands, perhaps into what is now Germany, and was born before 1631. She married a man who we only know by the first name of Hendrick,¹ and it isn’t certain which side of the Atlantic the wedding took place. They had one child named Magdalena,¹ born in the Dutch settlement of Flatbush (there may have been others who died young). Then Hendrick seems to have died.

Catharina took a second husband, probably in Flatbush, by the name of Jan Teunissen Dam; it’s believed that they didn’t have any children together. The marriage record is missing, but their names were on a document dated November 18, 1659.¹ Sometime earlier that year, they left Flatbush and relocated to the former colony of New Sweden,¹ now called New Amstel, where land was more plentiful. They apparently hadn’t cleared the move with the Dutch authorities, because court records show that they got into trouble for it, and Jan was arrested.¹

A home in New Sweden. (AI-generated image)

Why would the Dutch authorities come down on a family wanting to live in a place of their choosing? Because New Netherland was run as a company, and the colonists were in some sense their employees. So in order to relocate, people needed permission, and Jan and Catharina apparently didn’t have it. A few days after Jan was taken into custody, he escaped, and then Catharina was brought in for questioning on November 22nd.¹

A letter written by Wilhelmus Beekman to Director-General Peter Stuyvesant dated April 23, 1660 told of a man who worked for the authorities named Adries Lourens, who had been sent to where Catharina and her husband was.¹ He referred to Jan, Catharina and their child as “fugitives,” and he brought them back with him to New Netherland. Beekman was the man in charge of New Amstel, and later during the 1680s, he served as the mayor of New York City.¹ 

Wilhelmus Beekman.

The next place Catharina and Jan were known to be living was Southampton because a record named him as being involved with the building of the church. There is a document dated October 14,1667 saying that Jan was paid four barrels of pork, 30 bushels of wheat, and 30 bushels of Indian corn for the work he did as a carpenter.¹ On April 1, 1668, Jan was granted 4 acres in Southampton on the condition that he would live there for at least 4 years.¹ During this time, Catharina’s daughter married a man from Southampton,¹ another Dutchman.

Catharina and Jan didn’t stay in Southampton because records show that she bought property in Flatbush on August 22, 1679.¹ She paid 3,000 guilders for a house, orchard and yard, with the option to pay in wheat or rye worth that amount of money. The plan was to pay in installments in 1680, 1681 and 1682, so that seems to be a deal to surrender 1,000 guilders worth of farm production each year, and then she would own it outright. There are records for three payments to the seller, with the only the third adding the detail that stated an amount of 500 guilders, and that it was her husband who paid.¹ These documents also reveal that Catharina couldn’t sign her own name.

It isn’t known exactly when Catharina died, but it was between November 27, 1681, when her name was on a baptismal record,¹ and March 25 1695, when husband Jan wrote his will.¹ He left his estate to his step-daughter and her children, and he likely died by March of 1701.¹

Child by Hendrick ______:
1. Magdalena Hendricks — B. about 1649, (probably) Flatbush, New Netherland;¹ D. after 22 Apr 1716, (probably) Haverstraw, New York;¹ (1) M. Cornelius Vonck (~1634-?), 26 Dec 1667, Southampton, Long Island;¹ (2) Minne Johannis (?-1691), about Apr 1689, Flatbush, New York;¹ (3) Achias Jansz Van Dyck (?-~1707), after 22 Dec 1693, (probably) Brooklyn, New York¹

Source:
1    “Magdalena Hendricks, Wife of Cornelis Vonk/Vonck, and Her Mother, Catharina Cronenberg, Wife of Jan Teunissen Dam,” Carolyn Nash, The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, Vol. 143, 2012

Young Mother in a War Zone — Marie-Marguerite Morin

B. about 1735 in (probably) St-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud, New France¹
M. 18 Feb 1754 in St-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud, New France²
Husband: Jean-François Chouinard
D. 18 Sep 1816 in Kamouraska, Quebec¹

War touches more than the soldiers who engage in it — at times, it invades the lives of civilians. This was true for Marie-Marguerite Morin in the 1759 English takeover of French Canada. The story of her generation is one that needs to be remembered.

Marguerite was born in St-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud, a community near the St. Lawrence River. Her parents were Antoine Morin and Marguerite Daniau and she was the oldest of their 15 children. Her baptism is missing from parish registers, but by the age on her burial record, we can say it was about 1735.¹ It was on February 18, 1754 that Marguerite got married to Jean-François Chouinard; the wedding took place at her family’s parish.²

Over the next five years, Marguerite gave birth to three or four children in their home somewhere on the Côte-du-Sud (the south shore of the St. Lawrence). As to exactly where the family lived, that is in question because the baptismal records of her children are missing. The villages where she and her husband were born (St-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud and L’Islet) each have complete records, but a village nearby, St-Jean-Port-Joli, doesn’t have surviving parish registers before 1767. There is a strong possibility that this was where Marguerite and her family lived.

As Marguerite was raising her young children, the colony of her birth was dying. New France was overpowered and outnumbered by the English to the south, which was enough of a threat, but when England and France found themselves at war in the mid-1750s, it was almost inevitable that the British would take Canada. The first few years of the war caused terrible hardship to people like Marguerite with food shortages and limited access to other goods. The men were leaving their farms to take up arms in a desperate attempt to save their homeland, which made the food supply even more scant.

In the late spring of 1759, the British Navy arrived by ship to the St. Lawrence River. As they headed up the coast of the river to make campsites, they sailed along the Côte-du-Sud, and perhaps Marguerite saw them from her farm. People along the south shore knew they had to find shelter inland, and during this time, Jean-François and Marguerite likely packed up their family and moved to safer ground. This meant abandoning their farm during the planting season. 

Evacuating the farm. (AI-generated image)

There’s no specific details of what Marguerite’s family experienced. What we know is that when they were gone, the English came in and destroyed many villages. A force of 800 men landed at Kamouraska and marched through the towns along the river, one-by-one.³ They methodically visited each farm, killed the livestock, and set fire to the houses and outbuildings. This happened at virtually the same time as the battle on the Plains of Abraham.

Many communities, including L’Islet and St-Jean-Port-Joli, suffered near total destruction, and it's likely that Marguerite and her husband had nothing to return to except bare, scorched land. As with other residents of Côte-du-Sud, they resettled there and resumed their lives. On March 11, 1761, the baptism of her son, Louis-Marie was recorded at L’Islet;⁴ then followed two more children with missing baptisms until we see a daughter Marie-Françoise baptized on May 6, 1768 at St-Jean-Port-Joli.⁵ The family would grow to include five more children baptized at St-Jean-Port-Joli, with the youngest born in 1778 when she was about age 43.⁶

Eventually Marguerite and Jean-François moved downriver to St-Louis-de-Kamouraska. Jean-François passed away in 1807,⁷ and Marguerite lived until September 18, 1816.¹ Today the terrible events of 1759 are recognized in St-Jean-Port-Joli with a monument to those who lived through it. The French words on the monument translate as, “We remember you – We salute the courage and determination that cured the South Coasters following the devastating invasion of 1759.”⁸ 

Monument at St-Jean-Port-Joli.

Children:
1. Jean-Marie Chouinard — B. about 1755, Côte-du Sud, New France;⁹ D. 8 May 1836, St-Louis, Kamouraska, Quebec;¹⁰ M. (1) Genevieve Miville (1760-1788), 17 Aug 1778, St-Roch-des-Aulnaies, Quebec;¹¹ (2) Catherine Roy (1768-1791), 1 Feb 1790, Kamouraska, Quebec;¹² (3) Marie-Antoinette Pinet (1772-1813), St-Andre, Quebec;¹³ (4) Euphrosine Tardif (1773-1856), 21 Jan 1817, Kamouraska, Quebec¹⁴

2. (possibly) Marguerite Chouinard — B. 7 Oct 1758, Côte-du Sud, New France;¹⁵ D. 7 Oct 1758, Côte-du Sud, New France¹⁵

3. Marguerite Chouinard — B. about 1759, Côte-du Sud, New France;¹⁶ D. 2 Dec 1828, Bellechasse, Quebec;¹⁶ M. (1) François-Joseph Mignault dit LaBrie (1743-1805), 12 Jan 1779, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec;¹⁷ (2) Joseph Lacasse (1754-1829), 26 Jan 1807, Lauzon, Quebec¹⁸

4. Charlemagne Chouinard — B. about 1760, Côte-du Sud, New France;¹⁹ D. 7 Apr 1852, Kamouraska, Quebec;²⁰ M. Perpetue Mignault (~1780-1849), 23 Nov 1801, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec²¹

5. Louis-Marie Chouinard — B. 11 Mar 1761, L’Islet, New France;⁴ D. 16 Feb 1821, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec;²² M. Marie-Josephe Levasseur (~1771-1821), 7 Nov 1785, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec²³

6. Genevieve Chouinard — B. about 1763, Côte-du Sud, New France;²⁴ D. 19 Apr 1851, St-Denis, Kamouraska, Quebec;²⁵ M. Jean-François Lavoie (1762-1820), 28 Jul 1783, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec²⁶

7. Jean-Chrysostome Chouinard — B. about 1765, Côte-du Sud, Quebec;²⁷ D. 1 Nov 1835, St-Ours, Quebec;²⁸ M. (1) Marguerite Michaud (~1742-1827), 3 Nov 1801, Ste-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, Quebec;²⁹ (2) Josephte Beaunoyer (~1790-?), 4 May 1829, St-Antoine-sur-Richelieu, Quebec³⁰

8. Marie-Françoise Chouinard — B. about 6 May 1768, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec;⁵ M. Joseph Blouin (~1755-?), 18 Jun 1787, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec³¹

9. Marie-Reine Chouinard — B. 13 Feb 1771, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec;³² D. 3 Sep 1851, St-Louis-de-Kamouraska, Quebec;³³ M. Joseph-Marie Roy (1764-1856), 10 Feb 1792, Kamouraska, Quebec³⁴

10. Marie-Therese Chouinard — B. 18 Sep 1772, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec³⁵

11. Amable Chouinard — B. 19 Jun 1774, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec³⁶

12. Marie-Veronique Chouinard — B. 23 Sep 1776, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec;³⁷ D. 11 Jan 1781, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec³⁸

13. Archange Chouinard — B. 2 Nov 1778, St-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec;⁶ D. 31 Oct 1860, St-Frederic, Drummondville, Quebec;³⁹ M. Benjamin Pinet (1768-?), 21 Jul 1794, Kamouraska, Quebec⁴⁰

Sources:

1    Burial record of Marie-Marguerite Morin, Quebec, Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, FamilySearch.org
2    Marriage record of Jean-François Chouinard and Marie-Marguerite Morin, Q., C. P. R.
3    The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France, William R. Nestor, 2014
4    Baptismal record of Louis-Marie Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
5    Baptismal record of Marie-Françoise Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
6    Baptismal record of Archange Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
7    Burial record of Jean-François Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
8    “Les Anciens Canadiens,” The Historical Marker Database
9    Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Jean-Marie Chouinard
10  Burial record of Jean-Marie Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
11  Marriage record of Jean-Marie Chouinard and Genevieve Miville, Q., C. P. R.
12  Marriage record of Jean-Marie Chouinard and Catherine Roy, Q., C. P. R.
13  Marriage record of Jean-Marie Chouinard and Marie-Antoinette Pinet, Q., C. P. R.
14  Marriage record of Jean-Marie Chouinard and Euphrosine Tardif, Q., C. P. R.
15  Dictionnaire généalogique des familles canadiennes depuis la fondation de la colonie jusqu'a nos jours, Cyprien Tanguay (The date of the baptism and burial of Marguerite is during a gap in the current surviving records, but it’s possible Tanguay had access to records that no longer exist.) 
16  Burial record of Marguerite Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
17  Marriage record of François-Joseph Mignault dit LaBrie and Marguerite Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
18  Marriage record of Joseph Lacasse and Marguerite Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
19  Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Charlemagne Chouinard
20  Burial record of Charlemagne Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
21  Marriage record of Charlemagne Chouinard and Perpetue Mignault, Q., C. P. R.
22  Burial record of Louis-Marie Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
23  Marriage record of Louis-Marie Chouinard and Marie-Josephe Levasseur, Q., C. P. R.
24  Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Genevieve Chouinard
25  Burial record of Genevieve Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
26  Marriage record of Jean-François Lavoie and Genevieve Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
27  Généalogie du Quebec et d’Amérique française listing of Jean-Chrysostome Chouinard
28  Burial record of Jean-Chrysostome Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
29  Marriage record of Jean-Chrysostome Chouinard and Marguerite Michaud, Q., C. P. R.
30  Marriage record of Jean-Chrysostome Chouinard and Josephte Beaunoyer, Q., C. P. R.
31  Marriage record of Joseph Blouin and Marie-Françoise Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
32  Baptismal record of Marie-Reine Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
33  Burial record of Marie-Reine Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
34  Marriage record of Joseph-Marie Roy and Marie-Reine Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
35  Baptismal record of Marie-Therese Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
36  Baptismal record of Amable Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
37  Baptismal record of Marie-Veronique Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
38  Burial record of Marie-Veronique Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
39  Burial record of Archange Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.
40  Marriage record of Benjamin Pinet and Archange Chouinard, Q., C. P. R.